Hypertension Kevin E.C. Meyers INTRODUCTION Normotension is defined as blood pressure (BP) (systolic, diastolic, or both) that is <90th percentile for the patient’s age, height percentile, and sex. Prehypertension is…

Hepatomegaly Christina Bales INTRODUCTION Hepatomegaly is an important physical examination finding, which may reflect intrinsic liver disease or a wide array of systemic diseases. Determination of liver size may be…

Hemoptysis Suzanne E. Beck INTRODUCTION Hemoptysis is the expectoration or coughing up of blood from the respiratory tract. Bleeding from the respiratory tract can range from blood-streaked sputum to coughing…

Hemolysis Kim Smith-Whitley INTRODUCTION Hemolysis is increased red blood cell (RBC) destruction with compensatory increased RBC production. The patient with hemolysis usually presents with symptoms of anemia and hyperbilirubinemia. However,…

Hematuria Rebecca Ruebner Madhura Pradhan INTRODUCTION Hematuria, the medical term for the presence of blood in the urine, is a common pediatric problem. Gross hematuria is the visible presence of…

Headache Nicholas S. Abend Donald Younkin INTRODUCTION Headaches are common in children and adolescents. The incidence increases from early childhood to adolescence. Headaches may be classified as primary or secondary…

Head Trauma Oluwakemi B. Badaki-Makun Joel A. Fein INTRODUCTION Head injury in children accounts for up to 650,000 emergency department visits, 95,000 hospitalizations, and 7,400 deaths per year. It is…

Goiter Craig A. Alter Wilma C. Rossi Andrew J. Bauer INTRODUCTION Goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland) arises under a variety of clinical circumstances. Morbidity from an enlarged thyroid ranges…

Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Upper Sara Karjoo Chris A. Liacouras INTRODUCTION The presence of hematemesis usually suggests that the site of bleeding is proximal to the ligament of Treitz. Common sites of…

Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Lower Sara Karjoo Chris A. Liacouras INTRODUCTION The presence of blood in the gastrointestinal tract is always abnormal. Blood in the stool can occur in several forms: hematochezia…