Short Stature Dorit Koren Adda Grimberg INTRODUCTION Linear growth is an integral part of childhood development. Human growth generally occurs in a predictable pattern: Rapid growth of intrauterine life—how much…

Sexually Transmitted Diseases Lisa K. Tuchman Amy L. Weiss INTRODUCTION Among all age groups, adolescents and young adults are at the highest risk of being diagnosed with a sexually transmitted…

Sexual Abuse Cindy W. Christian INTRODUCTION Child sexual abuse is defined as the involvement of children in sexual activities that they cannot understand, are not developmentally prepared for, cannot give…

Seizures Katherine S. Taub Nicholas S. Abend INTRODUCTION A seizure is an episode characterized by altered behavior, consciousness, movement, sensation, or autonomic function due to hypersynchronous excessive firing of a…

Scrotal Pain, Acute Kate Kraft INTRODUCTION When evaluating a patient with acute scrotal pain, testicular torsion should be considered the diagnosis until proven otherwise. Testicular torsion is the only condition…

Rashes Leslie Castelo-Soccio Kara Shah Rash is a common reason for children to be brought for evaluation by a healthcare provider. The examination of the rash can provide key clues…

Respiratory Distress Esther M. Sampayo INTRODUCTION Respiratory distress is defined by increased work of breathing that can lead to respiratory failure, a state of inadequate oxygenation and/or ventilation. Symptoms and…

Red Eye Cynthia J. Mollen INTRODUCTION Red eye may refer to erythema of the ocular adnexa, conjunctiva, sclera, or cornea, or inflammation of deeper structures. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS LIST Ocular Adnexa…

Pruritus Paul L. Aronson INTRODUCTION Pruritus, simply defined, means “itching.” Pruritus that is persistent and severe requires further investigation. Pruritus usually has a primary dermatologic cause but may also be…

Proteinuria Rebecca Ruebner Madhura Pradhan INTRODUCTION Proteinuria, the presence of excessive protein in the urine, is a common finding in school-age children. As many as 10% of children test positive…