Vertigo (Dizziness) Lawrence W. Brown INTRODUCTION Dizziness is caused by a distortion in spatial orientation. The primary sensory modalities of vision, vestibular function, joint position sense, touch-pressure sense, and hearing…
Vaginal Discharge (Vulvovaginitis) Sara Pentlicky Courtney Schreiber INTRODUCTION Vulvovaginitis, a common problem for both pediatric and adolescent patients, is an entity consisting of vaginal and vulvar irritation associated with vaginal…
Vaginal Bleeding Sara Pentlicky Courtney Schreiber INTRODUCTION The complaint of vaginal bleeding can be concerning to parents, patients and clinicians. The differential diagnosis can be narrowed based on the patient’s…
Urine Output, Decreased Katherine MacRae Dell INTRODUCTION Decreased urine output can be caused by either a decrease in urine production (oliguria) or an obstruction to urinary flow. Oliguria is defined…
Urinary Frequency and Polyuria Matthew Sampson INTRODUCTION A perceived increase in urination is a common concern that a pediatrician may be asked to evaluate. A key task is to differentiate…
Thermal Injuries Andrew Hashikawa Marc H. Gorelick INTRODUCTION Thermal injury in children involves not only the skin, but also the respiratory, circulatory, immune, and central nervous systems. Successful treatment of…
Tachycardia Richard J. Czosek Timothy K. Knilans INTRODUCTION Tachycardia can be defined as an atrial or a ventricular rate in excess of the agerelated normal range. Table 75-1 describes the…
Splenomegaly Matthew J. Ryan INTRODUCTION Splenomegaly may be evident in benign viral infections, serious systemic infections, hematologic diseases, neoplastic conditions, and metabolic disorders. The terms “splenomegaly” and “hypersplenism” are not…
Sore Throat Esther K. Chung INTRODUCTION Sore throat is one of the most common reasons children are brought to medical attention. Most often, this complaint is part of an upper…
