Prenatal ultrasound is an integral part of caring for pregnant women in the United States. Although surprisingly few data exist to support the clinical benefit of screening ultrasound during pregnancy,…

The optimal evaluation and use of antibacterial agents that are very frequently prescribed in neonates during various situations such as early- and late-onset invasive infections depend on adapted dose selection,…

Children have been identified as uniquely vulnerable clinical research subjects since the early 1970s. This article reviews the historical underpinnings of this designation, the current regulatory framework for pediatric and…

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support is an established lifesaving therapy for potentially reversible respiratory or cardiac failure. In 10% of all pediatric patients receiving ECMO, ECMO therapy is initiated during…

This article describes developments in pain assessment in critically ill neonates and infants during the last 5 to 6 years. Pain assessment instruments show a redundancy of items and a…

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a serious disease with significant morbidity and mortality. Although it can occur idiopathically, it is more commonly associated with other cardiac or lung diseases. While most…

Opioid use in pregnant women has increased over the last decade. Following birth, infants with in utero exposure demonstrate signs and symptoms of withdrawal known as the neonatal abstinence syndrome…

The delivery of safe and effective antiretroviral therapy to children and adolescents is crucial to save the lives of millions of children worldwide. The immunologic response to human immunodeficiency infection…

Biomarkers are an important tool for clinicians to detect long-term exposure to a multitude of compounds, including drugs of abuse, alcohol, and environmental toxicants. Using hair and meconium as matrices…