This article begins with a review of the major central nervous system functional systems that allow for optimal alertness during the waking day, and the rapid initiation and good maintenance…

Pediatric sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) includes an increasingly recognized, highly prevalent, yet still underdiagnosed spectrum of respiratory disorders, the most common and clinically significant of which is obstructive sleep apnea. SDB…

Bedtime struggles, delayed sleep onset, and problematic night wakings are extremely common in the pediatric population, and have a significant impact on quality of life of both children and caregivers….

Sleep is a vital physiologic function. Asking parents about their children’s sleep should be part of every routine physical examination. Evaluating infants requires an understanding of changes in sleep associated…

Children with life-threatening illnesses and their families may face physical, emotional, psychosocial, and spiritual challenges throughout the children’s course of illness. Pediatric palliative care is designed to meet such challenges….

The diagnosis and treatment of children and adolescents with cancer has a tremendous and lasting effect on the patients, their families, and other individuals in their social network. It carries…

The psychosocial impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease has been recognized since the beginning of the epidemic for affected adults, but there has been less focus on the impact…

Pediatric epilepsy is a common, chronic, and challenging physical illness for children and their families. This article provides a medical overview and discusses the cognitive functioning and psychosocial adjustment as…

Diabetes mellitus is a common childhood illness, and its management is often complicated by mental health challenges. Psychiatric comorbidities are common, including anxiety, depression, and eating disorders. The illness can…