Pancreatic Tumors in Children Isolina R. Rossi An extremely rare entity, and until 2004, studies relied on case reports and series for their data. Most recently, the National Cancer Institute…

Neuroblastoma Reagan Lindsay Ross Neuroblastoma is the third most common childhood cancer, after leukemia and brain tumors, and is the most common solid extracranial tumor in children. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY…

Wilms Tumor Nawara Alawa The Wilms tumor, also known as a nephroblastoma, is a renal malignancy typically occurring in children that is thought to have been first described in 1814…

Ovarian Torsion Ann M. Polcari The ovary is a female reproductive organ suspended within the pelvis. It is in close proximity to the uterus and fallopian tubes by several ligaments…

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Reagan Lindsay Ross Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) remains the most commonly used form of pediatric mechanical circulatory support in the United States. More than 3500 cases…

Circumcision Anne Marie Lopez Kenan Ashouri Fawaz M. Ashouri Circumcisions have been performed for over 6000 years. The views on circumcision since that time have evolved based on religious beliefs,…

Undescended Testicle Tyler Montgomery Bradley Roche Although it has been known since ancient times that the testicles originated in the abdomen before migrating to the scrotum, John Hunter in the…

Testicular Torsion Lauren P. Shapiro Torsion was first described in 1840 by Delasiauve, yet it was not discussed as a problem until 1907 when Rigby and Russell published work on…

Breast Disorders and Gynecomastia Alison M. Moody Jessica L. Buicko EMBRYOLOGY At the 5th or 6th week of fetal development, 2 mammary ridges (bands of thickened ectoderm) form. These extend…

Cleft Lip and Palate Stephanie Scurci The earliest documented history of cleft lip (CL) and cleft palate (CP) was described by the Romans and Spartans and was thought to be…