The Esophagus
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES OF THE ESOPHAGUS Print Section Listen Normal Development The esophagus develops from the proximal aspect of the embryonic foregut. The tracheoesophageal septum partitions the developing trachea from the…
PEDIATRICS
The Skull and Face
CRANIOFACIAL DEVELOPMENT Print Section Listen Craniofacial development initiates at approximately gestation day 25, following closure of the anterior neuropore. Neural crest cells migrate and induce formation of the branchial arches….
Hematological and Ischemic Bone Disease
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF BONE ISCHEMIA Print Section Listen The pathophysiological consequence of bone ischemia is avascular necrosis (osteonecrosis) or bone infarction. Interruption of the blood supply to the bone can…
Nonneoplastic Abnormalities of the Extremity Soft Tissues
KLIPPEL-TRENAUNAY SYNDROME Print Section Listen Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome; angio-osteohypertrophy syndrome) is a developmental vascular abnormality of the extremities. Classically, there is the triad of cutaneous capillary malformations, dilated superficial…
Urinary System Infection
CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS: URINARY TRACT INFECTION Print Section Listen Infection is the most common abnormality of the urinary system in children. The urinary tract is the second most common site of…
Neoplasms and Masses of the Urinary System
RENAL MASSES Print Section Listen Wilms Tumor Wilms tumor, also termed nephroblastoma, is the most common malignancy of the pediatric urinary tract, occurring in 7 to 10 per million children…
Renal Vascular Abnormalities
CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS: HYPERTENSION Print Section Listen An estimated 2% to 4% of children have clinically significant hypertension. Primary, or essential, hypertension is relatively uncommon in children. Approximately 90% of hypertensive…
Musculoskeletal Infections
OSTEOMYELITIS Print Section Listen Osteomyelitis is an infection of bone. This is a relatively common occurrence in the pediatric age group; the incidence of osteomyelitis in the United States is…
The Stomach
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES Print Section Listen Normal Development The stomach develops from the distal part of the embryonic foregut. The dorsal aspect of the primitive stomach grows faster than the ventral…
Systemic Arthritis
JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS Print Section Listen Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA; juvenile rheumatoid arthritis) encompasses a group of disorders that are clinically characterized by a chronic synovitis of unknown origin that…
