KEY POINTS 1. Anemia occurs when the red blood cell (RBC) mass is not adequate to meet tissue oxygen needs. 2. Target hemoglobin and hematocrit have been used as clinical…

KEY POINTS 1. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) in young infants is defined as a resting mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) ≥20 mm Hg. 2. The mPAP at birth resembles the systemic…

KEY POINTS 1. The natural history of congenital heart diseases (CHDs) varies tremendously. Some critical CHDs become symptomatic and require therapeutic intervention in the neonatal period. 2. Patients with CHDs…

KEY POINTS 1. Fungal infections including invasive Candida infections and molds (aspergillosis and mucormycosis) are devastating infections most commonly complicating extreme preterm infants due to their underdeveloped immune system combined…

KEY POINTS 1. Congenital heart disease (CHDs) are seen in 6 to 10 per 1000 live births. These include structural defects of the heart, of the great vessels, or both….

KEY POINTS 1. Congenital syphilis is a global public health problem, particularly in the Americas where its incidence appears to be rising. 2. At birth 90% of infants are asymptomatic,…

KEY POINTS 1. Disorders of sex development (DSD) is an umbrella term referring to the large collection of conditions in which establishment of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomic sex development is…

KEY POINTS 1. Diabetes in pregnant women can be visualized in two distinct subsets: 1% to 2% of women have pregestational disease, whereas 6% to 9% develop diabetes during pregnancy….

KEY POINTS 1. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is acquired in the postnatal period primarily from mother’s milk feeding. 2. Postnatal CMV (pCMV) infection is usually asymptomatic in healthy term infants. Among…

KEY POINTS 1. Disorders of mineral homeostasis in the neonatal period are often exaggerated responses to the normal physiologic transition. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the principal regulator of postnatal calcium…