Pediatric Airway Obstruction
UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION Print Section Listen AIRWAY PHYSICS Poiseuille’s law Q=ΔPπr48ηl; r = Radius of airway Flow (Q) is proportional to the radius to the fourth power; incremental changes in…
PEDIATRICS
Arrhythmias
BASIC RHYTHM INTERPRETATION Print Section Listen Electrocardiograms (ECGs) of normal infants and children are different from those of normal adults. Neonates and infants will demonstrate right ventricular (RV) dominance related…
Respiratory Mechanics and Respiratory Failure
RESPIRATORY MECHANICS Print Section Listen Developmental considerations Basal metabolic rate is higher in children than in adults, resulting in decreased metabolic reserve in the face of increased oxygen consumption during…
Blood Gases and Acid-Base Disorders
DEFINITIONS Print Section Listen pH = power of Hydrogen defined by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH=pK+log ([HCO3−]/0.03 PCO2) Acidosis = decrease in arterial pH Respiratory acidosis – caused by CO2 retention. This increases…
Mechanical Ventilation
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Mechanical ventilation is provided to ensure adequate oxygenation and minute ventilation. The means to achieve these goals will vary depending upon the lung pathophysiology. Indications to…
Cardiovascular Formulas and Parameters
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Arterial oxygen content of the blood: CaO2(mL O2/dL)=(SaO2× Hemoglobin × 1.36) + 0.003*(PaO2) 0.003*PaO2 represents the fraction of dissolved oxygen in the blood Venous oxygen content of the blood: CvO2(mL O2/dL)=(SvO2× Hemoglobin × 1.36) + 0.003*(PvO2) Arterial-mixed venous…
Postoperative Management after Cardiac Surgery
ANESTHESIA/SURGICAL HANDOFF Print Section Listen A thorough understanding of what occurred intraoperatively is critical to postoperative management after cardiac surgery. Cardiac Anesthesia: Induction technique and maintenance of anesthesia depend on…
Congestive Heart Failure
BACKGROUND Print Section Listen Heart failure is a syndrome of cardiac dysfunction that, left untreated, results in the myocardium’s inability to maintain adequate cardiac output.1 It may present as systolic…
Vasoactive Agents
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Vasoactive medications and inotropic agents are utilized frequently in the pediatric intensive care unit for patients in various states of shock. Selecting the proper pharmacologic therapy…
Hypertension
DEFINITIONS Print Section Listen Prehypertension is defined as blood pressures between the 90th and 95th percentiles for age, gender, and height.1 Note that these definitions are based on blood pressures…
