The immune system functions to prevent and retard the local establishment or systemic dissemination of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Furthermore, it must accomplish this task without excessive inflammation or…
Hypoglycemia, although rare in children beyond the newborn period, is an acute, life-threatening medical emergency that may result in seizures, permanent brain damage, or even sudden death. In addition, hypoglycemia…
Persistant back pain in children necessitates a thorough evaluation to rule out disorders that can result in significant morbidity, such as infection or tumor. Back pain in younger children is…
Hemostasis is a process that maintains normal blood flow through healthy vessels but, when a vessel is damaged, rapidly generates a clot at the site of vascular injury. The major…
Eye and Visual System Anatomy The anatomies of the eye and visual system are shown in Figs. 32.1 and 32.2 . The optic nerves, made up of the converging nerve…
Coma is the lack of any awareness of self and environment despite painful or other external stimulation ( Table 31.1 ). Delirium is an alternation in consciousness that falls along…
Dysmorphology evolved as a subset of clinical genetics that focused on standardizing the descriptive terminology used to define deviations from normal structural development in the context of syndromic disorders. These…
The term disorders of sex development (DSD) replaces the former terms intersex and hermaphroditism ( Table 23.1 ). The most common presenting symptom of DSD is atypical (ambiguous) genitalia at…
