Case reviews 36–55
Outline Topic 3, Figure 80 Case 36, Figures 81–83 Case 37, Figures 84 and 85 Case 38, Figure 86 Case 39, Figures 87 and 88 Case 40, Figure 89 Case…
OBSTETRICS
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and PCOS: A novel contributor in the etiology of the syndrome
Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), despite being one of the most common endocrine disorders among reproductive-aged women (5%–10%) and one of the most leading causes of female infertility, is still…
Obstructive sleep apnea and polycystic ovary syndrome: Clinical interactions and underlying pathophysiology
Introduction In 1935, Dr. Stein and Dr. Leventhal first described the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS; Stein-Leventhal syndrome) as the etiology for irregular ovulation in young female patients presenting with hirsutism,…
PCOS in adolescence: Pathophysiology, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic controversies
Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a highly prevalent (5%–10%) endocrine-metabolic dysfunction in adult women, characterized by chronic oligo-anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM). Most women with PCOS also…
Long-term health in women of age more than 40years with polycystic ovary syndrome
Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy, affecting women in reproductive age. The manifestations of this condition consist of ovulatory, metabolic, aesthetic, psychological, and possibly an elevated…
Vitamin D metabolism in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Vitamin D metabolism Vitamin D is a steroid hormone, synthesized mainly by the skin on exposure to natural sunlight, with < 10%–20% deriving from the diet . Vitamin D is…
The challenging role of antiandrogens in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome
Introduction (why to use antiandrogens) Excessive androgen secretion, manifested as hirsutism, acne, and/or alopecia, constitutes one of the cardinal features in women and adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) ….
Cardiometabolic risk in women with PCOS
Introduction It is well known that in young women with PCOS, the cardiovascular (CV) risk is increased . In fact, in these patients, all CV risk factors including atherogenic dyslipidemia,…
Polycystic ovary syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Overview of metabolic risk profile and complications of NAFLD Excessive hepatic fat accumulation defines the primary event in the continuum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that has become the…
Inositols and other supplements in the management of PCOS
Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with neuroendocrine dysfunctions, insulin resistance (IR), impaired ovarian steroidogenesis and hyperandrogenism . Although the etiology of PCOS is still poorly known, androgens and…
