Urethral Diverticulum Nicola Dykes Peter L. Dwyer Introduction Female urethral diverticulum (UD) was originally described more than 200 years ago by Hey.1 It is a relatively uncommon condition with an…

Sutures and Synthetic Material in Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery Rubin Raju Olivia O. Cardenas-Trowers Emanuel C. Trabuco Introduction Pelvic organ prolapse affects approximately 25% of women in the United States with…

Uterine Preservation During Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery Robert E. Gutman Katherine L. Woodburn Introduction Pelvic organ prolapse is one of the most common indications for hysterectomy in the United States, although…

Uterosacral/Cardinal Ligament Suspension for Uterovaginal and Posthysterectomy Vaginal Vault Prolapse Peter L. Dwyer Ariel Zilberlicht Introduction The uterosacral/lateral cervical ligament complex is the cornerstone of apical support of the uterus,…

Sacrospinous Ligament and Iliococcygeus Muscle Suspensions J. Eric Jelovsek Introduction Sacrospinous ligament fixation (or “suspension”) and iliococcygeus muscle suspension are common vaginal approaches for resuspending the apical or upper vagina…

Anterior and Posterior Colporrhaphy Sarah E. Eckhardt Tajnoos Yazdany ANTERIOR WALL PROLAPSE AND REPAIR Anatomy and Pathology Anterior vaginal wall prolapse (AVP) is defined as the herniation of bladder through…

Apical Support Defects Zhuoran Chen Christopher Maher Introduction Pelvic organ prolapse is a common condition that affects up to 50% of parous women, increases with age,1 and has an 11%…

Surgical Management of Pelvic Organ Prolapse Kate V. Meriwether PELVIC ORGAN PROLAPSE PATIENT BURDEN AND RELEVANT OUTCOME MEASURES Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) has profound impacts on women’s quality of life….

Anterior Wall Support Defects Joseph B. Pincus Peter K. Sand Introduction The International Urogynecological Association and International Continence Society defined anterior vaginal wall (compartment) prolapse as the “observation of descent…

Painful Conditions of the Lower Urinary Tract and Bladder Kristina Cvach Anna Rosamilia Introduction Painful conditions of the bladder and urethra fall under chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) as outlined…