Thyroid imbalance and subfertility
Introduction An optimal level of thyroid hormones is needed for reproductive health. This has been proved clearly in women who have a higher chance of having “autoimmune thyroid diseases (Hashimoto’s…
GYNECOLOGY
Endometriosis and subfertility
Introduction The lining of a woman’s uterus is made up of endometrial tissue that sheds in each menstrual cycle. In endometriosis, similar tissue develops on abnormal anatomical locations such as…
Polycystic ovary syndrome and subfertility
Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a well-appreciated heterogeneous disorder of the endocrine system. It is usually detected in women of reproductive age group who present with a cluster of…
Impact of subfertility
Impact of subfertility Irrespective of the society, culture, class, division, and educational status of an individual, subfertility effects both the male and the female. Both have an equal sense of…
Introduction to subfertility
Having babies is a right and wish of all the couples after marriage, but an intact hormonal system, psychological stability, and emotional composure are the merits for achieving due to…
Ovarian reserve
Introduction Our concept of human ovarian reserve presumes that the ovary develops several million nongrowing follicles (NGFs) at around 5 months of gestational age. Over the life span of a…
Reproductive endocrine physiology
Physiology of the male reproductive system Introduction The male reproductive physiology involves external structures (scrotum and penis) and internal structures (testis, epididymis, vas deferens, and prostate). These are well vascularized…
Reproductive cycle
Introduction Every healthy human female experiences reproductive cycles that organize their reproductive system for pregnancy. The reproductive cycles are under the dynamic influence of integrated action of hormones from hypothalamus,…
Anatomy and embryology of male and female reproductive systems
Embryology of the male and female reproductive systems Embryonic sexual differentiation is a very delicate process ( Fig. 1.1 ) that starts with the genotypic determination at the time of…
Chapter 12 – Hysteroscopic Resection of Submucosal Fibroids
Abstract Fibroids represent an extremely common benign uterine pathology, being a major cause of abnormal uterine bleeding disorders. Although most myomas are of benign origin, it is important to have…
