Abstract The development of surgical sperm retrieval procedures can be considered as the single most important breakthrough in the field of male infertility. Various testicular sperm retrieval procedures exist and…
Abstract Early attempts at surgical sperm retrieval focused on creating artificial spermatoceles in men with vas aplasia or uncorrectable obstructive azoospermia. The collected sperm was used for intrauterine insemination, and…
Abstract Testicular histopathology has been found to be the most reliable predictive factor of successful sperm retrieval in nonobstructive azoospermia patients. Some studies have proposed performing a diagnostic biopsy before…
Abstract There are a variety of management options for male infertility patients. Often, assisted reproductive technology allows for successful pregnancies and live births using an ejaculated semen sample. If the…
Abstract The male reproductive system is a complex network of central nervous system circuits and internal and external pelvic organs. The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis leads to reproductive tract formation and…
Abstract The IVF culture system is constantly being examined for means of modification to further improve conditions for gametes and embryos. Exhaustive research into physiological requirements and responses of these…
Abstract Since the birth of Louise Brown, the first ‘test tube baby’, in 1978, assisted reproductive technology (ART) has become one of the standard treatments for couples with subfertility problems….
Abstract The IVF laboratory is central to Medically Assisted Reproduction perhaps representing also the most crucial extrinsic factor in determining success or failure of treatment. Current science and technology are…
Abstract Optimal culture conditions and reliable embryo selection are two fundamental laboratory aspects of successful IVF treatment, with the overall aim being to obtain a healthy singleton pregnancy in the…
Abstract Following the fusion of the oocyte and spermatozoon and successful oocyte activation, preimplantation development begins with the formation of the zygote, displaying two pronuclei and two polar bodies if…
