Introduction When a pediatric or adolescent patient is planning to undergo a therapy that may affect their fertility in the future, medical organizations including the American Society of Clinical Oncology,…

Introduction and background Why is contraception important? Contraception is the practice that allows a person to prevent pregnancy. Between 2015 and 2017, approximately 40% of never-married teenagers ages 15 to…

Introduction Androgen excess in females can manifest clinically as hirsutism, severe acne, male-pattern balding, deepening of the voice, and enlargement of the clitoris. Biochemical correlates may include elevated levels of…

Introduction Over one-third of high school students report having ever had sexual intercourse, with over half of high school seniors stating that they have had sex. Almost one-fifth (16%) of…

Introduction Breast development is an essential component of the pubertal transformation. It is imperative for a pediatric provider to recognize normal and abnormal breast development. Although the majority of pediatric…

In pediatric and adolescent patients, genital trauma can be from accidental injury or intentional assault. Genital trauma can range by the mechanism of trauma and by the severity and type…

Introduction Puberty is a time of both cognitive and physical change. Pubertal hormones influence the growth and development of breasts and genitalia. The external appearance of the vulva changes significantly;…

Introduction Relative energy deficiency in sports (RED-S) is a more comprehensive term for the condition previously known as the female athlete triad (FAT) ( Fig. 13.1 ). In 2014 the…

Introduction Pediatric and adolescent patients frequently present to the office with vulvar or vaginal concerns. The most common concerns include prepubertal and postpubertal vulvovaginitis, lichen sclerosus, labial adhesions, and vulvar…