Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support is an established lifesaving therapy for potentially reversible respiratory or cardiac failure. In 10% of all pediatric patients receiving ECMO, ECMO therapy is initiated during…
This article describes developments in pain assessment in critically ill neonates and infants during the last 5 to 6 years. Pain assessment instruments show a redundancy of items and a…
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a serious disease with significant morbidity and mortality. Although it can occur idiopathically, it is more commonly associated with other cardiac or lung diseases. While most…
Opioid use in pregnant women has increased over the last decade. Following birth, infants with in utero exposure demonstrate signs and symptoms of withdrawal known as the neonatal abstinence syndrome…
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) complicate at least 5% of all courses of therapy for children. Dealing with an ADR requires a stepwise approach in appreciation of the possibility of an…
The delivery of safe and effective antiretroviral therapy to children and adolescents is crucial to save the lives of millions of children worldwide. The immunologic response to human immunodeficiency infection…
Biomarkers are an important tool for clinicians to detect long-term exposure to a multitude of compounds, including drugs of abuse, alcohol, and environmental toxicants. Using hair and meconium as matrices…
Metabolomics is based on the detailed analysis of metabolites and represents a unique chemical fingerprint of an organism. This approach allows assessing the dynamic behavior of biologic systems with multiple…
The dose-exposure-response relationship for drugs may differ in pediatric patients compared with adults. Many clinical studies have established drug dose–exposure relationships across the pediatric age spectrum; however, genetic variation was…
Human development is described by the various anatomic and physiologic changes that occur as the single-celled zygote matures into an adult human being. Concomitant with bodily maturation are changes in…
