Quality-assured, comprehensive, cytology-based population screening programmes have resulted in a substantial decline in the incidence of, and mortality from, cervical cancer. Cytology classification systems divide squamous cell abnormalities into low…
Screening for cervical cancer is well established in resourced countries, but in resource-constrained countries, it is almost non-existent at national level. In resourced countries, the Pap test forms the hallmark…
Human papillomavirus has been a cause of infection in humans for thousands of years. The history of papillomaviruses, knowledge of their causative role in benign and malignant disease, and their…
1. (a) F (b) F (c) T (d) F (e) F Papillomaviruses are species-specific, so HPV only infects humans; rabbits may be infected by a type of papillomavirus called cottontail…
1. A 62-year-old woman presents with post-menopausal bleeding. Staging laparotomy, hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, omentectomy, and lymph-node dissection reveal uterine carcino-sarcoma. The tumour invades the myometrium, but is confined to the…
Please note that the second author’s name should have appeared as ‘Tarek El-Toukhy’. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
Less than 5% of vulvar, vaginal and ovarian malignant diseases are sarcomas. Adequate knowledge of these particular malignant diseases is essential for accurate diagnosis and for choice of surgical treatment,…
Uterine sarcomas usually have an aggressive clinical behaviour, with great tendency to local and distant spread, with unfavourable clinical outcome, excluding endometrial stromal sarcomas and adenosarcoma. Tumour stage is the…
Uterine sarcomas are rare, high-risk malignancies. Expert histologic review is important for accurate diagnosis. For high-grade leiomyosarcomas, the risk of recurrence is high after complete resection of uterus-limited disease; however,…
Uterine sarcomas are rare, heterogeneous malignant tumours of several histologic types originating from mesenchymal tissues of the uterus. The most common histologic types are carcinosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and endometrial stromal sarcoma,…
