Obgyn Key

KEY POINTS Print Section Listen Key Points Prenatal diagnosis of aortic stenosis is unreliable. Aortic stenosis should be suspected whenever there is asymmetry of the cardiac ventricles including either left…

KEY POINTS Print Section Listen Key Points Coarctation of the aorta refers to a congenital narrowing of the aorta and is relatively common, accounting for 7% of cases of congenital…

KEY POINTS Print Section Listen Key Points Ventricular septal defects are the most common congential cardiac malformations, and often occur as part of more complex abnormalities, such as tetralogy of…

KEY POINTS Print Section Listen Key Points Pulmonary stenosis and atresia refer to congenital narrowing or complete occlusion of the right ventricular outflow tract respectively. It may occur in isolation…

KEY POINTS Print Section Listen Key Points Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a spectrum of disorders involving aortic atresia with or without mitral atresia or stenosis. The condition may…

KEY POINTS Print Section Listen Key Points Hypoplastic right ventricle is considerably rarer than hypoplastic left heart syndrome. It is a complex cardiac malformation with a wide spectrum of presentations,…

KEY POINTS Print Section Listen Key Points Defect in formation of diaphragm that is associated with pulmonary hypoplasia. Incidence is around 1 in 2200 with 85% to 90% being left…

KEY POINTS Print Section Listen Key Points Atrioventricular (AV) canal defect is the most common form of congenital heart disease detected prenatally and usually involves both a lower atrial and…

KEY POINTS Print Section Listen Key Points The most common fetal bradyarrhythmia diagnosed prenatally is congenital complete heart block (CHB), usually occurring in association with circulating maternal anti-Ro or anti-La…

KEY POINTS Print Section Listen Key Points Ebstein anomaly is a malformation of the tricuspid valve, causing tricuspid insufficiency and atrialization of a significant portion of the right ventricle. When…