Congenital Anomalies
BACKGROUND Print Section Listen Congenital anomalies have a wide array of presentations, from almost unnoticeable variations to remarkable dysmorphology. They may be detected at first breath of life or several…
Congenital and Perinatal Infections
CONGENITAL INFECTIONS Print Section Listen BACKGROUND Congenital infections acquired in utero are a significant cause of neonatal mortality and childhood morbidity. The original concept of the TORCH acronym was to group…
Hypotonia and Weakness
BACKGROUND Print Section Listen Hypotonia and weakness may signify a variety of systemic, neurologic, and neuromuscular disorders (Table 120-1). Evaluation of hypotonia and weakness can be challenging, as the list…
Birth Injury
BACKGROUND Print Section Listen Birth injuries are an uncommon complication of vaginal and cesarean delivery. Injuries range from those that are minor and require no further diagnostic evaluation or treatment…
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
BACKGROUND Print Section Listen Approximately 4.4% of women of childbearing years use illicit drugs or abuse prescription medications, including marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens, heroin, sedatives, painkillers, and stimulants.1 Infants born to…
Hypoglycemia and Infants of Diabetic Mothers
HYPOGLYCEMIA Print Section Listen BACKGROUND Glucose is the preferred oxidative energy source for the central nervous system. At birth, the sudden loss of a continuous maternal glucose supply requires a…
The Well Newborn
BACKGROUND Print Section Listen The majority of full-term newborns have an uneventful postnatal course. Once the newborn transitions from the intrauterine to extrauterine environment, management centers on routine care and…
Delivery Room Medicine
BACKGROUND Print Section Listen In order for a normal transition from fetal to newborn physiology to occur, a complicated and well-orchestrated sequence of physiologic changes must transpire. While the majority…
Renal Tubular Acidosis
BACKGROUND Print Section Listen Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) refers to a collection of renal transport defects in the reabsorption of bicarbonate or the secretion of hydrogen ion, or both, resulting…
Nephrotic Syndrome
BACKGROUND Print Section Listen Nephrotic syndrome is one of the most common renal diseases in childhood. In recent estimates, idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, the most common type, occurs in about 16…
