Contraception
Introduction and background Why is contraception important? Contraception is the practice that allows a person to prevent pregnancy. Between 2015 and 2017, approximately 40% of never-married teenagers ages 15 to…
PCOS and common androgen abnormalities in adolescents
Introduction Androgen excess in females can manifest clinically as hirsutism, severe acne, male-pattern balding, deepening of the voice, and enlargement of the clitoris. Biochemical correlates may include elevated levels of…
Relative energy deficiency in sports
Introduction Relative energy deficiency in sports (RED-S) is a more comprehensive term for the condition previously known as the female athlete triad (FAT) ( Fig. 13.1 ). In 2014 the…
Sexually transmitted infections, HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis, and expedited partner therapy
Introduction Over one-third of high school students report having ever had sexual intercourse, with over half of high school seniors stating that they have had sex. Almost one-fifth (16%) of…
Traumatic genital injury
In pediatric and adolescent patients, genital trauma can be from accidental injury or intentional assault. Genital trauma can range by the mechanism of trauma and by the severity and type…
Pediatric vulvovaginal conditions
Introduction Pediatric and adolescent patients frequently present to the office with vulvar or vaginal concerns. The most common concerns include prepubertal and postpubertal vulvovaginitis, lichen sclerosus, labial adhesions, and vulvar…
Contraception for adolescents with medical complexities
Introduction Contraception counseling is recommended to be a routine part of preventive health care visits. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that pediatricians have a working knowledge of contraception…
Primary ovarian insufficiency and Turner syndrome
Introduction Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) refers to the decline of ovarian function before age 40 years. Also known as hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, POI has previously been referred to as premature ovarian…
Amenorrhea
Introduction Puberty is defined as the acquisition of adult height, bone strength, sexual characteristics, and reproductive capacity. Female puberty is divided between multiple stages, the first of which is thelarche…
