Normal Embryological Development of the Female Genital Tract
Fig. 1.1 (a) Urogenital ridge and undifferentiated gonads. (b) Development of the gonads and Wolffian ducts in the male, and the Müllerian ducts in the female in (c). (d) Development…
Health Problems Related to Female Genital Malformations: Obstructive and Complex Anomalies
Fig. 12.1 ESHRE/ESGE classification of female genital tract anomalies indicating the classes and sub-classes that are associated with health problems Cyclic Pelvic Pain Patients with obstructive anomalies, which mainly include…
Treatment of Obstructing Anomalies: Cervical Aplasia
Fig. 23.1 Depictions of cervical agenesis and cervical dysgenesis (With permission from Rock and Jones [14]). (a) Cervical aplasia. (b) Cervical body consisting of a fibrous band of variable length…
Vaginal Aplasia: Critical Overview of Available Treatment Options
Vaginal dilation Vulvo-perineoplasty Traction vaginoplasty Peritoneal vaginoplasty Skin vaginoplasty Bowel vaginoplasty Complexity Low Medium High High High Very high Indications No vaginal dimple − + − ++ ++ ++…
Classification of Female Genital Malformations
Main classes Subclasses Class I Hypoplasia/Agenesis (a) Vaginal (b) Cervical (c) Fundal (d) Tubal Class II Unicornuate (a) Communicating horn (b) Non-communicating horn (c) No cavity (d) No horn Class…
Prevalence in the General and Selected Populations
Diagnostic modalities Cases (n) Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) PPV (%) NPV (%) Accuracy (%) 2D US 350 56 99 96 87 84 HSG 625 78 90 83 91 86 SIU…
Diagnosis of Uterine Congenital Anomalies: Endoscopy
Fig. 9.1 Vagino-cervico- hysteroscopy provides a minimally traumatic performance of diagnostic hysteroscopy. It only requires a hysteroscope and a watery distension medium. Steps: (a) hysteroscope locates the cervix with visualisation…
Vulvo-perineoplasty/Creatsas Vaginoplasty
Fig. 17.1 (a) Placement of the Allis clamps and catheterization of the urethral meatus. (b) A U-shaped incision in the vulva, mobilization of the tissues and placement of the first…
Septum Resection: Techniques and Post-treatment Reproductive Performance
Fig. 26.1 The operation is stopped when the muscular layer is reached. It is important to pay attention to not cut too deep into the muscular layer and to leave…
Frank Dilators
Fig. 16.1 Femmax® Dilators/Trainers, MDTI product The process is considered successful and complete when the patient is able to comfortably insert the third size dilator or when she is able…
