Halsby et al., 2014[6]Parvovirus60–70944cVyse et al., 2007[7]Varicella90–952100cPembrey et al., 2013[4]; RCOG Green-Top Guideline No. 13, 2007[9]Syphilis0.47(antibodies not protective)4.7/1,000cGiraudon et al., 2009[3]Rubella95.91–2bWise, 2013[8] a Significant ethnic variation (49% in white British,…
Figure 27.1 Photograph of placental fronds demonstrating an adequate sample volume and quality for analysis. For transcervical CVS, the cervix is visualized with a Cuscoe’s speculum. The cervix is cannulated…
Figure 29.1 (a, b) Macroscopic photographs from perinatal autopsies demonstrating effects of maceration, such as skin slippage and bilateral talipes equinovarus (top) and congenital left-sided diaphragmatic hernia (bottom). Histologic examination…
Figure 22.1 Example of a good Doppler. Uterine artery Doppler The uterine artery (UtA) Doppler assesses the placental flow on the maternal side of the circulation and is able to…
Mixed echos, may include cystic areas, hemorrhage or calcificationChoroid plexus tumor (papilloma)Large lobulated echogenic mass, unilateral, lateral ventricle (rarely third ventricle)Head and neckLymphangioma/cystic hygromaLarge cystic mass with multiple septations commonly…
Figure 17.1 Causes of congenital abnormalities, the majority being of unknown etiology. The susceptibility of an embryo or fetus for a teratogenic response is related to various factors, including the…
At least two of these appointments should be with the specialist obstetrician.Combine appointments with scans when crown–rump length measures from 45 mm to 84 mm (at approximately 11 weeks, 0…
Figure 7.1 (a) Normal face and lips, (b) unilateral and (c) bilateral cleft lips. Diagnosis A coronal section through the face reveals the lips, chin prominence and nostrils, often in…
Figure 24.1 Ultrasound features of dichorionic versus monochorionic twins. The most recent and largest study to date on the accuracy of amnionicity and chorionicity determination using lambda and T signs…
Figure 23.1 Zygosity, chorionicity and amnionicity. Triplet pregnancies may result from various fertilization and division scenarios involving ovum and sperm. Triplets can be trizygotic, dizygotic and monozygotic. Zygosity in higher…
