Fig. 17.1. Determinants of overall state of illness in patients with empyema. Diagnosis Clinical Features The diagnosis is a progressive clinical picture beginning with pneumonia. Patients with an empyema demonstrate…
Author/Year (Ref) n Pathology Procedure Approach from- Age (y) Volume Op-t (min) Complications Napoli/2014 (16) 34 Multinodular goiter (n = 5) Total thyroidectomy Suprasternal notch 15 15.8 mma 40 Hypo-PTH…
Fig. 1.1. Two major stimuli produce the observed physiologic changes during abdominal insufflation for laparoscopy: (1) increased intra-abdominal pressure (blue arrows), which impedes full lung expansion and can decrease flow…
Method Type Principle Advantage Reference Cytochrome c reduction test Direct The reduction of ferricytochrome c to ferrocytochrome c is used to detect superoxide formation Gold standard for measuring extracellular superoxide…
Fig. 8.1 The imbalance caused by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species due to various factors and depletion of antioxidants leads to a state of oxidative stress. In the spermatozoa,…
Fig. 6.1 Glutahtione (GSH) and redox regulation in the oocytes NO is a vasodilator that mediates function of endothelial cells by regulating the vascular tone, platelet aggregation, leukocyte adhesion, and…
Fig. 4.1 The effect of lipid peroxidation of 4-HNE on sperm motility Sperm Morphology Normal range of spermatozoa morphology values along with other semen parameters have been lowered in the…
1.1.1.2 Hydroxyl Radical (•OH) The interaction between hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and reduced transition metals such as copper and iron results in Fenton reaction, which leads to the formation of hydroxyl…
Antioxidant(s) Study Treatment dosage (per treatment or day) Treatment details Parameters improved SOD Rossi et al. [19] SOD (100 U/ml) and catalase (100 U/ml) Added to fresh semen before freezing…
Fig. 3.1 Physiological roles of ROS include maturation, capacitation, hyperactivation, the acrosome reaction and sperm-oocyte fusion. Pathological roles of ROS include lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and apoptosis 3.2.1 Physiological Roles…
