Fig. 1.1. Two major stimuli produce the observed physiologic changes during abdominal insufflation for laparoscopy: (1) increased intra-abdominal pressure (blue arrows), which impedes full lung expansion and can decrease flow…
Method Type Principle Advantage Reference Cytochrome c reduction test Direct The reduction of ferricytochrome c to ferrocytochrome c is used to detect superoxide formation Gold standard for measuring extracellular superoxide…
Fig. 8.1 The imbalance caused by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species due to various factors and depletion of antioxidants leads to a state of oxidative stress. In the spermatozoa,…
Fig. 6.1 Glutahtione (GSH) and redox regulation in the oocytes NO is a vasodilator that mediates function of endothelial cells by regulating the vascular tone, platelet aggregation, leukocyte adhesion, and…
Fig. 4.1 The effect of lipid peroxidation of 4-HNE on sperm motility Sperm Morphology Normal range of spermatozoa morphology values along with other semen parameters have been lowered in the…
1.1.1.2 Hydroxyl Radical (•OH) The interaction between hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and reduced transition metals such as copper and iron results in Fenton reaction, which leads to the formation of hydroxyl…
Antioxidant(s) Study Treatment dosage (per treatment or day) Treatment details Parameters improved SOD Rossi et al. [19] SOD (100 U/ml) and catalase (100 U/ml) Added to fresh semen before freezing…
Fig. 3.1 Physiological roles of ROS include maturation, capacitation, hyperactivation, the acrosome reaction and sperm-oocyte fusion. Pathological roles of ROS include lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and apoptosis 3.2.1 Physiological Roles…
Fig. 5.1 Factors that affect sperm function 5.2 Lifestyle Factors 5.2.1 Habits 5.2.1.1 Smoking Cigarette smoking (CS) causes a multitude of adverse corporeal health effects. It can lead to cardiovascular…
Fig. 11.1 Protocol of sperm immobilization test. The mixture of test serum, sperm suspension (4 × 107/mL, >90 % motility) and guinea-pig serum (>200 CH50) as complement are incubated for…
