Abstract Testicular histopathology has been found to be the most reliable predictive factor of successful sperm retrieval in nonobstructive azoospermia patients. Some studies have proposed performing a diagnostic biopsy before…
Abstract The male reproductive system is a complex network of central nervous system circuits and internal and external pelvic organs. The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis leads to reproductive tract formation and…
Abstract There are a variety of management options for male infertility patients. Often, assisted reproductive technology allows for successful pregnancies and live births using an ejaculated semen sample. If the…
