Abstract SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators) are unique synthetic compounds that bind to the estrogen receptor and, depending on their unique conformational change, will either initiate estrogen agonistic activity or…
Abstract The menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) risk–benefit profile has been at the centre of the debate that polarizes opinion between those who advocate the use of MHT and those who…
Abstract Eating well and keeping active remains the cornerstone of a healthy menopause, regardless menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) status. During a consultation, it can be all too easy to gloss…
Abstract Aging is associated with an increase in the development of cancers. Among them some can be influenced by the gonadal hormones. Cancers which are the most hormone dependent are…
Abstract Traditionally, the term androgens refers to a group of 19 carbon steroid hormones that are associated with maleness and the induction of male secondary sexual characteristics. This is as…
Abstract The World Health Organization (WHO) defines menopause as the permanent cessation of menstruation due to loss of ovarian follicular activity [1]. It is a retrospective diagnosis, which can only…
Abstract The forties are a time of irregular and sometimes heavy menstrual loss due to fluctuating levels of sex hormones. Some months are characterized by low estrogen secretion and anovulation…
Abstract Therapies for osteoporosis have been traditionally based on our understanding of bone cell activities. Bone tissue is constantly being removed and replaced (bone turnover) by osteoclasts which resorb bone…
Abstract The age of the natural menopause among women in developed countries is between 50 and 52 years [1, 2] whereas, in the less developed countries, it is 3–4 years…
Abstract The term vulvo-vaginal atrophy (VVA) defines the anatomic and physiological changes in the vulvo-vaginal tissues, which are directly related to reduced circulating estrogen levels, associated with menopause and aging….
