Staging Embryos in Development and the Embryonic Body Plan
Key Points • This chapter presents the concepts and timing of embryonic development. • The problems of using staging systems to describe a continuous process are discussed. • The method…
Teratology
Key Points • At baseline, each pregnancy has a 2% to 4% risk for a congenital anomaly diagnosed at birth. • The adverse effects of exposures on embryo-fetal development depend…
Barrier Methods of Contraception
Barrier Methods of Contraception Jill Schwartz, MD, MPH Barrier methods of contraception have been the most widely used contraceptive techniques throughout recorded history. Although barriers represent the oldest of contraceptive…
Behavioral Methods of Contraception
Behavioral Methods of Contraception Anita L. Nelson, MD Diana Crabtree Sokol, MD, MSc Introduction Behavioral methods of contraception, such as fertility awareness-based methods (FABMs), coitus interruptus (withdrawal), and a range…
Emergency Contraception
Emergency Contraception Nora Doty, MD, MSCR Alison Edelman, MD, MPH Emergency contraception (EC) is a method to prevent pregnancy after intercourse in which a primary contraceptive method was not used…
Injectable Contraception
Injectable Contraception Laneta Dorflinger, PhD Sharon L. Achilles, MD, PhD Injectable contraceptives are widely available, moderately effective, medium-acting (1 to 3 months) reversible methods that can be used discretely and…
Shorter-Acting Progestin-Only Contraception
Shorter-Acting Progestin-Only Contraception Elizabeth Micks, MD, MPH Sarah Prager, MD, MAS Contraceptives containing only progestins are available in intrauterine devices (IUDs), subdermal implants, injectable contraceptives, and shorter-acting progestin-only pills (POPs),…
Combined Hormonal Contraception
Combined Hormonal Contraception Carolyn L. Westhoff, MD, MSc Surya Cooper, MD, MPH, Ian Joseph Bishop, MD, MPH Types of Combined Hormonal Contraception Combination hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) include pills, rings, patches,…
Intrauterine Contraception
Intrauterine Contraception Jennifer E. Kaiser, MD, MSCI David K. Turok, MD, MPH Nomenclature For consistency throughout this chapter authors use the term “intrauterine device (IUD)” when referring generically to all…
Implantable Contraception
Implantable Contraception Rebecca Cohen, MD, MPH Stephanie B. Teal, MD, MPH The relatively high pregnancy rates with typical use of reversible contraceptive methods indicate the need for long-acting methods that…
