Expected life span is gradually increasing worldwide. Healthy dietary and exercise habits contribute to healthy ageing. Certain types of diet can prevent or reduce obesity, and may reduce the risk…
Collagen atrophy is a major factor in skin ageing. A strong correlation exists between skin collagen loss and oestrogen deficiency caused by the menopause. Skin ageing is associated with a…
Plasma glucose levels are maintained within a narrow range in normal individuals. Both insulin-dependent and insulin-independent processes contribute to fasting and postprandial plasma glucose regulation. The brain and nervous system…
Over the past century, the world has seen unprecedented declines in mortality rates, leading to an accelerated increase in the world population. This century will realise falling fertility rates alongside…
Various anatomical, physiological, genetic, lifestyle and reproductive factors interact throughout a woman’s life span and contribute to pelvic floor disorders. Ageing affects pelvic floor anatomy and function, which can result…
Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Since 1984, the total number of deaths from cardiovascular disease has been greater for women compared with men. This…
Loss of musculoskeletal mass and function is a natural ageing trait, reinforced by an unhealthy life style. Loss of bone (osteoporosis) and muscle (sarcopaenia) are conditions whose prevalence are increasing because…
This chapter on the gastrointestinal and hepatic systems in pregnancy focusses on those conditions that are frequent and troublesome (gastro-oesophageal reflux and constipation), distressing (hyperemesis gravidarum) or potentially fatal (obstetric…
1. a) T b) F c) T d) F e) T In 1900, in Europe, life expectancy was around 45 years and health expectancy, the ability to live independently, was…
1. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true regarding the clinical implications of altered maternal physiology during pregnancy? a) A pregnant woman lying flat on her back has a higher…
