The cause of infertility is unexplained in about 22–28% of all infertile couples. The prognosis for spontaneous pregnancy in such couples is better than in those with diagnosed causes of…
(1) Medical School, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal 3.1 Definition, Incidence and Main Risk Factors The term shoulder dystocia describes a series of difficulties encountered with release of the…
(1) Medical School, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal 6.1 Definition, Incidence and Main Risk Factors Postpartum haemorrhage occurs more frequently in the first 2 h after delivery and is…
(1) Medical School, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal 2.1 Definition, Incidence and Main Risk Factors Fetal hypoxia refers to the condition in which there is decreased oxygen concentration in…
(1) Medical School, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal 4.1 Definition, Incidence and Main Risk Factors Retention of the after-coming head refers to the rare situation in which there is…
(1) Medical School, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal 7.1 Definition, Incidence and Main Risk Factors Maternal cardiorespiratory arrest is estimated to occur in 0.003 % of pregnancies and manifests by…
(1) Medical School, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Obstetrics is a unique area of healthcare, in that the vast majority of situations in pregnancy and childbirth have normal outcome,…
Fig. 1 Normal physiologic changes in pregnancy (Adapted using data from Ueland and Metcalfe [1], Davison and Dunlop [2], Hytten and Paintin [3]) Blood pressure typically decreases by 15–20 mmHg…
Antibiotic Dose Duration Notes Nitrofurantoin 100 mg orally every 12 h Five to seven days Does not achieve therapeutic levels in the kidneys so should not be used if pyelonephritis…
