Obgyn Key

Management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) needs to protect women at risk from developing cervical cancer and to avoid over-treatment as well as obstetrical complications in women undergoing invasive treatment….

Colposcopy is a widely used diagnostic procedure, primarily in the assessment of women with abnormal cervical cytology. It is used by appropriately trained individuals using techniques that allow a full…

Screening for, and treatment of, pre-cancerous cervical lesions has lead to dramatic reductions in cervical cancer in many countries. In all cases, cervical screening has been based on cytology, but…

Accurate histological grading of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions is important for clinical management of patients, because CIN1 and CIN2 and 3 lesions are treated differently. In general, there tends…

Human papillomavirus has been established as the causal agent for cervical cancer. The identification of a clear cause presents an unparalleled opportunity for cancer control. As such, the development of…

Quality-assured, comprehensive, cytology-based population screening programmes have resulted in a substantial decline in the incidence of, and mortality from, cervical cancer. Cytology classification systems divide squamous cell abnormalities into low…

Screening for cervical cancer is well established in resourced countries, but in resource-constrained countries, it is almost non-existent at national level. In resourced countries, the Pap test forms the hallmark…

Human papillomavirus has been a cause of infection in humans for thousands of years. The history of papillomaviruses, knowledge of their causative role in benign and malignant disease, and their…

1. (a) F (b) F (c) T (d) F (e) F Papillomaviruses are species-specific, so HPV only infects humans; rabbits may be infected by a type of papillomavirus called cottontail…