Obgyn Key

FIGURE 9-1 Percentage of women in the United States with prenatal care beginning in the first trimester by ethnicity in 1989, 2001, and 2006. (Adapted from Martin, 2002b, 2009.) TABLE…

Mechanisms of Normal Hemostasis A major concept in understanding the pathophysiology and management of obstetrical hemorrhage is the mechanism by which hemostasis is achieved after normal delivery. Recall that near…

Fetal Lie The relation of the fetal long axis to that of the mother is termed fetal lie and is either longitudinal or transverse. Occasionally, the fetal and the maternal…

Figure 7-1 Terminology used to describe the pregnancy duration. Clinicians customarily calculate gestational age as menstrual age. Approximately 280 days, or 40 weeks, elapse on average between the first day…

FIGURE 49-1 Prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease among reproductive-aged women. DM = diabetes mellitus. (From Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011.) PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN PREGNANCY Cardiovascular Physiology…

Pregnancy-Induced Immunological Changes Even after intensive study, many of the maternal immunological adaptations to pregnancy are not well elucidated. It is known that pregnancy is associated with an increase in…

TABLE 38-2. Contraceptive Failure Rates During the First Year of Method Use in Women in the United States Unfortunately, no contraceptive method is completely without side effects. That said, an…

Maternal Mortality and Morbidity To provide accurate informed consent, understanding both maternal and neonatal risks and benefits with surgery is essential. As a broad overview, cesarean delivery has higher maternal…

Pathogenesis More than 80 percent of spontaneous abortions occur within the first 12 weeks of gestation. With first-trimester losses, death of the embryo or fetus nearly always precedes spontaneous expulsion….

Pathogenesis and Transmission The causative agent for syphilis is Treponema pallidum. Minute abrasions on the vaginal mucosa provide an entry portal for the spirochete, and cervical eversion, hyperemia, and friability…