Gastritis and Gastrointestinal Bleeding
108 Gastritis and Gastrointestinal Bleeding Andrew Chu Numerous potential etiologies, combined with the gastrointestinal (GI) tract’s extensive surface area, can make the assessment and management of GI bleeding exceptionally challenging….
Chromosomal Abnormalities
118 Chromosomal Abnormalities Bettina Mucha-Le Ny, Reena Jethva Since the discovery in 1959 that Down syndrome is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21, multiple syndromes have been found to have…
Disorders of the Esophagus
107 Disorders of the Esophagus Amy Feldman, Rose C. Graham The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the pharynx and the stomach. Its role is to move material from the…
Thyroid Disease
68 Thyroid Disease Sara E. Pinney, Vaneeta Bamba, Craig A. Alter The follicular cells of the thyroid gland produce triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), thyroid hormones that have important roles…
Hematuria and Proteinuria
61 Hematuria and Proteinuria Ryan M. Raffaelli, Madhura Pradhan Hematuria Hematuria is the medical term for the presence of blood in the urine and is a common pediatric problem. Gross…
Infections of the Cardiovascular System
94 Infections of the Cardiovascular System Deborah Whitney Infective Endocarditis Infective endocarditis (IE) is an infection of the endocardium, most commonly producing vegetations on heart valves, but also involving perivalvular…
Neonatal Infections
105 Neonatal Infections Lori A. Christ Neonates are uniquely susceptible to bacterial and viral infections because of deficiencies in immune function, including neutrophil function and humoral and cellular immunity. Before…
Development of the Cardiovascular System
42 Development of the Cardiovascular System Kristin N. Ray, Anitha S. John Embryologic development of the heart requires the coordination of multiple steps, including heart tube formation, cardiac looping, chamber…
