Fig. 5.1 Schematic illustrations of transperineal ultrasoud. (a) The patient is placed in the dorsal lithotomy, with the hips flexed and abducted, and the convex transducer is positioned translabial. (b)…
Fig. 1.1 The female bony pelvis The ischial spine, at the midst of the brim of the ischiatic foramen, is the anchorage of several connective and muscular tissues. Some authors…
Fig. 7.1 Generation and propagation of an action potential (AP) in a cylindrical muscle fiber. (a) The axonal branch releases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), and triggers the AP….
Fig. 16.1 Position used to relax and stretching pelvic floor muscles 6. Results At 5 months since the beginning of pelvic floor physical therapy and rehabilitation, the patient…
Fig. 10.1 PMFT in pregnancy In conclusion, continent pregnant women having their first baby should be offered a supervised and intensive antepartum PFMT program to prevent postpartum UI/AI (Grade A…
Appendix A.2 Summary: Selection Criteria for Management Dysfunction Evaluation tool Cut off UI ICI q SF >1 AI Wexner score >1 if solid or liquid and/or >2 if gas POP…
Fig. 6.1 3-D rendering of anal sphincter complex performed 1 week after vaginal delivery with image display on the axial (a) and sagittal (b) plane: arrows point to a hypoechoic…
First degree laceration of the vaginal epithelium or perineal skin only Second degree involvement of the perineal muscles but not the anal sphincters Third degree disruption of the anal sphincter…
Ref n° Pts n° Selective MLE (4°DT%) Routine MLE (4°DT%) OR 5 181 0 5.6 0.12 6 2,606 1.2 1.5 0.78 7 698 6.6 6.6 1 8 881 0.45 0…
Grade of recommendation Level of evidence Actions before pregnancy Stop smoking B 2 Age (<35 at pregnancy) A 2 Overweight reduction A 2 Actions during pregnancy Reducing constipation B…
