Teratogens Scott A. Sullivan Barbara B. Head Introduction Congenital malformations or birth defects may be found in up to 3% of neonates.1 An additional 2% to 3% of infants may…

The Normal and Abnormal Placenta Yoel Sadovsky W. Tony Parks Introduction and a Historical Perspective In eutherian mammals, the placenta forms the interface between the fetus and the mother, providing…

Multifetal Pregnancies: Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Management Lucas Otaño César Meller Horacio Aiello Introduction A multifetal gestation is a high-risk pregnancy because it is associated with an increased rate of…

Ectopic and Heterotopic Pregnancies Omri Zamstein Eyal Sheiner Arnon Wiznitzer Ectopic Pregnancy Incidence Ectopic pregnancy, ie, implantation of a fertilized ovum outside the uterus (Figure 3.1), is a major health…

Evaluation of Stillbirth Alex S. Miller Uma M. Reddy Introduction Epidemiology Stillbirth, defined as fetal death at 20 weeks or more of gestation, remains a common adverse pregnancy outcome worldwide,…

Thrombophilias Alexis Bridges Torri D. Metz Introduction Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of maternal mortality with 2% to 15% of maternal deaths caused by thromboembolic events globally.1 Despite…

Early Pregnancy Loss and Fetal Death Erol Arslan Kellie Woodfield David Ware Branch Introduction and Definitions The desire to have children is biologically paramount, and yet human reproduction is somewhat…