CONSTIPATION
15 CONSTIPATION General Discussion A complaint of constipation may mean very different things to different patients. A complaint of constipation may mean infrequent bowel movements, straining while stooling, incomplete evacuation,…
AMENORRHEA, PRIMARY
3 AMENORRHEA, PRIMARY General Discussion Primary amenorrhea is defined as the absence of menses by 16 years of age in the presence of normal growth and secondary sexual characteristics or…
BLEEDING AND BRUISING
9 BLEEDING AND BRUISING General Discussion Abnormal bleeding or bruising may cause significant anxiety for the patient and may be a sign of a serious inherited or acquired disorder. A…
ARTHRITIS AND ARTHRALGIA
6 ARTHRITIS AND ARTHRALGIA General Discussion Several different terms are often used to describe joint disorders resulting in joint pain. Arthralgia means joint pain. Arthritis implies the presence of an…
CHEST PAIN
11 CHEST PAIN General Discussion Chest pain is a very common complaint of patients presenting to the emergency room as well as to outpatient clinics. More than 50% of those…
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
8 ATRIAL FIBRILLATION General Discussion Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained arrhythmia treated by the physician. The incidence of atrial fibrillation increases with age and approximately doubles with each…
Infection and immunity
14 Infection and immunity The febrile child Serious life-threatening infections Specific bacterial infections Common viral infections Uncommon viral infections Prolonged fever Tuberculosis Tropical infections HIV infection Lyme disease Immunisation Immune…
Neonatal medicine
10 Neonatal medicine Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy Birth injuries Stabilising the preterm or sick infant The preterm infant Jaundice Respiratory distress in term infants Infection Hypoglycaemia Neonatal seizures Cerebral infarction (neonatal stroke) …
Kidney and urinary tract disorders
18 Kidney and urinary tract disorders Congenital abnormalities Urinary tract infection Enuresis Proteinuria Haematuria Hypertension Renal masses Renal calculi Renal tubular disorders Acute kidney injury Chronic kidney disease The spectrum…
