Amniotic fluid embolism
Algorithm 10.1 Amniotic fluid embolism Objectives On successfully completing this topic, you will be able to: appreciate when to consider amniotic fluid embolism (AFE), facilitating early diagnosis manage the immediate…
Heart and APS
Features Arterial Atherosclerosis of aorta, carotid, iliofemoral, coronary arteries Thrombosis of the aorta or axillary, carotid, hepatic, iliofemoral, mesenteric, pancreatic, popliteal, splenic, or subclavian artery Valve involvement Valve abnormalities…
Skin Involvement in Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Livedo reticularis Skin ulcerations Postphlebitic/Postthrombotic Livedoid vasculopathy-like Pyoderma gangrenosum-like Digital gangrene Pseudovasculitic manifestations Purpura Palmar/plantar erythema and/or cyanosis Papules/nodules Malignant atrophic papulosis-like Extensive cutaneous necrosis Subungual splinter hemorrhages Anetoderma Thrombocytopenic…
The Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome
1. Evidence of involvement of 3 organs, systems, and/or tissues 2. Development of manifestations simultaneously or in less than 1 week 3. Laboratory confirmation of the presence of aPL (LAC…
Differential Diagnosis
Fig. 14.1 Clinical suspicion for definite and non-criterial APS 14.2 Definite APS with Usual Clinical Manifestations The clinical picture of APS is protean and very variable in the single patient,…
The Paradox of Lupus Anticoagulant
Fig. 2.1 Flow chart for diagnosis of LAC Numerous variables affect screening tests for LAC detection. The low content of PL renders the test more sensitive, and KCT can be…
Secondary Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Clinical criteria One or more episodes of arterial, venous, or small vessel thrombosis by validated criteria with no vessel wall inflammation One or more unexplained fetal deaths later than 10…
New Treatments
Fig. 18.1 Mechanisms of action of potential future therapeutic tools in APS. ROS reactive oxygen species, β2GPI β2 glycoprotein I, aβ2GPI antibodies against β2GPI, PDI protein disulfide-isomerase, ACEi angiotensin-converting enzyme…
Antiphospholipid Antibody Carriers
Management of aPL carriers: Identify and reverse traditional cardio vascular risk factors Identify concomitant systemic autoimmune diseases Consider drugs acting on platelet and coagulation system: ASA [20–22] LMWH [8, 19]…
