A Computerized Model of Pelvic Floor Muscles Physiology During Delivery
Fig. 3.1 Finite element with four degrees of head flexion. The fetal head flexion ranges from poor (a), moderate (b), advanced (c) and complete (d) flexion (From Parente et al….
Perineal and Anal Sphincter Obstetric Injury
First degree: laceration of the vaginal epithelium or perineal skin only Second degree: involvement of the vaginal epithelium, perineal skin and perineal muscles but not the anal sphincter Third degree:…
Sexual Function After Delivery
, Anna Redaelli1, Ilaria Baini1 and Massimo Candiani1 (1) Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy Few studies have been carried out on post-partum sexual function; in fact, little…
Ultrasound assessment of normal fetal anatomy
Figure 5.1 Sagittal section of a fetus showing measurement of crown–rump length. Algorithm for a structural survey in early pregnancy Brain Cranial bone ossification and the integrity of the skull…
Fetal growth disorders
Inadequate vascular modelingleading to infarcts andinsufficiencyPlacental development pathology– placental villous immaturity andvillous hypoplasiaClinical associationAssociated with hypertensive disorders and PETNot associated with hypertensive disordersMonitoringUA DopplersUA Dopplers not useful for monitoring– possibility…
Congenital heart disease in the fetus
2. Broad based appendage3. Receives coronary sinus4. Connects to TV1. Sagittal2. Sagittal3. Four chamber4. Four chamberLeft atrium1. Receives pulmonary veins2. Finger-like long narrow-based appendage3. Flap valve of FO floats inside4….
Fetal genitourinary anomalies
Figure 12.1 Transverse scan through fetal pelvis showing bladder (B) surrounded by right and left umbilical arteries (LUA and RUA). During the anomaly scan between 18–20 weeks, the kidneys are…
Fetal thoracic anomalies
Figure 9.1 Schematic diagram showing the timeline for embryologic and fetal lung development, with pictorial representation below. At birth The amniotic fluid and lung secretions fill the airways prior to…
Placenta, amniotic membrane and amniotic fluid
Persistently elevated hCG.Stage 2GTN extends outside of the uterus, but is limited to the genital structures (adnexa, vagina, broad ligament).Stage 3GTN extends to the lungs with or without known genital…
Sonographic diagnosis of fetal skeletal anomalies
Equinovarus – foot twisted inwardsEquinus – extended foot Risk factors and clues to the diagnosis of skeletal anomalies Family history Although the majority of skeletal abnormalities are unexpected findings detected…
