Achalasia and Esophageal Motility Disorders
Fig. 9.1 Upper gastrointestinal contrast study showing a dilated esophagus that ends with “bird’s beak” and the absence of esophageal contractions on serial views Even if the esophagogram study alone…
Lung and Mediastinum
Non-neoplastic pediatric lung lesions Neoplastic pediatric lung lesions Reactive or prior treatment-related changes Clear cell (sugar) tumor Infection Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma Aspiration or Trauma/Fat emboli (with positive Oil Red O staining)…
Kidney, Adrenal Gland, and Retroperitoneum
Congenital and under 6 months Under 5 years Mesoblastic nephroma Clear cell sarcoma Rhabdoid tumor Intrarenal neuroblastoma Ossifying renal tumor Older children, adolescents, young adults All pediatric age groups Translocation-associated…
Lymph Nodes
Fig. 3.1 Reactive lymphadenopathy (Diff-Quik stain, medium power). This case of reactive lymphadenopathy shows a follicle-like organization, in which the lymphoid cells cluster together with tingible body macrophages. The lymphoid…
Head and Neck
Fig. 4.1 Thyroid cyst fluid (Diff-Quik stain, high power). Hemosiderin-laden macrophages in a background of watery colloid. Note that hemosiderin stains deep blue with Diff-Quik stain. Fig. 4.2 Benign follicular/colloid…
Body Fluids
Predominantly neutrophils Predominantly eosinophils Acute pneumonia (empyema) Acute peritonitis Fungal infection Mycobacterial infection Penetrating injury Perforated viscera or intrathoracic rupture of esophagus Neoplasm Mimic: Karyorrhectic debris from high-grade lymphomas or…
CSF and CNS Cytology
Fig. 10.1 Common findings of normal and contaminated CSF. (a) Gross appearance of CSF. Normal (left) and blood-diluted (right) cerebrospinal fluid. (b) (Wright-Giemsa stain, high power). Normal CSF. Normal CSF…
Artifacts, Contaminants, and Mimics in Cytology
Artifacts Preparation artifacts Preservation, fixation, and/or staining artifacts Smearing or cytospin artifacts Degenerative changes Air and/or water bubbles Procedure-related artifacts Dilution with blood and/or bone marrow Crush artifact Obscuring necrotic…
Liver, Bile Ducts, and Pancreas
Location Main differential diagnosis Liver Infection Cysts Vascular lesions Mesenchymal neoplasms Focal nodular hyperplasia Hepatic adenoma Hepatoblastoma Hepatocellular carcinoma Metastatic tumors Bile duct Infection Cholangitis, pancreatitis, or other inflammatory changes …
Bone and Soft Tissue
Feature Benign lesions Malignant lesions Pattern of growth Pushing Infiltrative No extension or penetration into surrounding bone Permeation and destruction of surrounding bone Borders of lesion Well circumscribed Ill-defined, moth-eaten…
