Respiratory Distress
Respiratory Distress Esther M. Sampayo INTRODUCTION Respiratory distress is defined by increased work of breathing that can lead to respiratory failure, a state of inadequate oxygenation and/or ventilation. Symptoms and…
Proteinuria
Proteinuria Rebecca Ruebner Madhura Pradhan INTRODUCTION Proteinuria, the presence of excessive protein in the urine, is a common finding in school-age children. As many as 10% of children test positive…
Precocious Puberty
Precocious Puberty Marta Satin Smith INTRODUCTION Normal Pubertal Development Girls In girls, puberty usually begins at 10.5 to 11 years with a range of 9 to 11 years. Breast development…
Pleural Effusions
Pleural Effusions Angela Lorts INTRODUCTION A pleural effusion is an accumulation of fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura. Normally, fluid is produced by the capillaries of the parietal pleura…
Pelvic Pain
Pelvic Pain Sara Pentlicky Courtney Schreiber INTRODUCTION Knowledge regarding the location of organs in the female pelvic region and how they may cause discomfort is key to the evaluation of…
Paraplegia
Paraplegia Lawrence W. Brown INTRODUCTION Paraplegia is any weakness of the lower extremities caused by dysfunction of the nervous system at the level of the peripheral nerves, spinal cord, or…
Pallor (Paleness)
Pallor (Paleness) Kim Smith-Whitley INTRODUCTION Pallor (paleness) results from a decreased amount of circulating hemoglobin or vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels. Causes can be classified as hematologic or nonhematologic. DIFFERENTIAL…