Disorders of Sex Development for Neonatologists
KEY POINTS 1. Disorders of sex development (DSD) is an umbrella term referring to the large collection of conditions in which establishment of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomic sex development is…
Infants of Diabetic Mothers
KEY POINTS 1. Diabetes in pregnant women can be visualized in two distinct subsets: 1% to 2% of women have pregestational disease, whereas 6% to 9% develop diabetes during pregnancy….
Postnatal Cytomegalovirus Infection Among Preterm Infants
KEY POINTS 1. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is acquired in the postnatal period primarily from mother’s milk feeding. 2. Postnatal CMV (pCMV) infection is usually asymptomatic in healthy term infants. Among…
Disorders of Neonatal Mineral Metabolism and Metabolic Bone Disease
KEY POINTS 1. Disorders of mineral homeostasis in the neonatal period are often exaggerated responses to the normal physiologic transition. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the principal regulator of postnatal calcium…
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Neonates
KEY POINTS 1. Normal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis production of cortisol and a normal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis are needed for the normal regulation of volume status, blood pressure, and serum sodium, potassium…
Evidence-Based Neonatology: Neonatal Pituitary Hormone Deficiencies
KEY POINTS 1. Congenital pituitary hormone deficiencies can be caused by maldevelopment of central brain structures, acute injury, and pituitary gene mutation. 2. The anterior pituitary is composed of four…
Late-Onset Sepsis
KEY POINTS 1. Late-onset sepsis in the neonatal intensive care unit is defined by culture-confirmed infection ≥72 hours after birth. 2. Incidence is highest among preterm infants. 3. The pathophysiology…
Neonatal Nutrition Assessment
KEY POINTS 1. All infants should be classified at birth with the use of appropriate anthropometric measurement techniques to determine risk status for complications such as hypoglycemia or catabolism. Growth…
Neonatal Hypoglycemia
KEY POINTS 1. Hypoglycemia is frequently seen in premature and critically ill term infants. 2. Neonates are at risk of hypoglycemia in the early neonatal period because of the abrupt…
Nutrition in Short Bowel Syndrome
KEY POINTS 1. Intestinal failure (IF) is defined as the loss of functional gut mass to levels below those needed for digestion and absorption of fluid and nutrients required to…
