Case reviews 1–18
Outline Topic 1, Figure 1 Case 1, Figures 2 and 3 Case 2, Figures 4 and 5 Case 3, Figures 6–10 Case 4, Figure 11 Case 5, Figure 12 Case…
Answer key
Chapter 1: Case reviews 1–18 2. a. The top of the screen is inferior on the patient. b. The uterus is anteverted with the fundus directed anteriorly (screen left on Fig….
Case reviews 19–35
Outline Topic 2, Figure 41 Case 19, Figure 42 Case 20, Figures 43 and 44 Case 21, Figures 45–48 Case 22, Figures 49 and 50 Case 23, Figures 51 and…
Case reviews 36–55
Outline Topic 3, Figure 80 Case 36, Figures 81–83 Case 37, Figures 84 and 85 Case 38, Figure 86 Case 39, Figures 87 and 88 Case 40, Figure 89 Case…
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and PCOS: A novel contributor in the etiology of the syndrome
Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), despite being one of the most common endocrine disorders among reproductive-aged women (5%–10%) and one of the most leading causes of female infertility, is still…
Obstructive sleep apnea and polycystic ovary syndrome: Clinical interactions and underlying pathophysiology
Introduction In 1935, Dr. Stein and Dr. Leventhal first described the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS; Stein-Leventhal syndrome) as the etiology for irregular ovulation in young female patients presenting with hirsutism,…
PCOS in adolescence: Pathophysiology, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic controversies
Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a highly prevalent (5%–10%) endocrine-metabolic dysfunction in adult women, characterized by chronic oligo-anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM). Most women with PCOS also…
Long-term health in women of age more than 40years with polycystic ovary syndrome
Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy, affecting women in reproductive age. The manifestations of this condition consist of ovulatory, metabolic, aesthetic, psychological, and possibly an elevated…
Vitamin D metabolism in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Vitamin D metabolism Vitamin D is a steroid hormone, synthesized mainly by the skin on exposure to natural sunlight, with < 10%–20% deriving from the diet . Vitamin D is…
The challenging role of antiandrogens in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome
Introduction (why to use antiandrogens) Excessive androgen secretion, manifested as hirsutism, acne, and/or alopecia, constitutes one of the cardinal features in women and adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) ….
