Anatomy of the lower urinary tract, pelvic floor, and rectum
Pelvic anatomy Bones of the pelvis The bones of the pelvis are the rigid foundation to which all the pelvic structures are ultimately anchored. In the standing position, forces are…
Cardiometabolic risk in women with PCOS
Introduction It is well known that in young women with PCOS, the cardiovascular (CV) risk is increased . In fact, in these patients, all CV risk factors including atherogenic dyslipidemia,…
PCOS in adolescence: Pathophysiology, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic controversies
Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a highly prevalent (5%–10%) endocrine-metabolic dysfunction in adult women, characterized by chronic oligo-anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM). Most women with PCOS also…
The challenging role of antiandrogens in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome
Introduction (why to use antiandrogens) Excessive androgen secretion, manifested as hirsutism, acne, and/or alopecia, constitutes one of the cardinal features in women and adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) ….
Vitamin D metabolism in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Vitamin D metabolism Vitamin D is a steroid hormone, synthesized mainly by the skin on exposure to natural sunlight, with < 10%–20% deriving from the diet . Vitamin D is…
Long-term health in women of age more than 40years with polycystic ovary syndrome
Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy, affecting women in reproductive age. The manifestations of this condition consist of ovulatory, metabolic, aesthetic, psychological, and possibly an elevated…
Polycystic ovary syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Overview of metabolic risk profile and complications of NAFLD Excessive hepatic fat accumulation defines the primary event in the continuum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that has become the…
Inositols and other supplements in the management of PCOS
Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with neuroendocrine dysfunctions, insulin resistance (IR), impaired ovarian steroidogenesis and hyperandrogenism . Although the etiology of PCOS is still poorly known, androgens and…
Targeting infertility in PCOS: Unfolding “Ariadne’s thread”
Introduction The myth of Ariadne’s thread is a fitting analogy for providing a practical and logical algorithm for the management of anovulatory PCOS. The legend tells of King Minos who,…
Combined oral contraceptives: Why, when, where?
Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a multifactorial disorder, involves mainly reproductive but also other endocrine systems. Based on the current Rotterdam criteria, the prevalence of PCOS varies between 5% and…
