Hematuria and Proteinuria
61 Hematuria and Proteinuria Ryan M. Raffaelli, Madhura Pradhan Hematuria Hematuria is the medical term for the presence of blood in the urine and is a common pediatric problem. Gross…
Thyroid Disease
68 Thyroid Disease Sara E. Pinney, Vaneeta Bamba, Craig A. Alter The follicular cells of the thyroid gland produce triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), thyroid hormones that have important roles…
Infections of the Cardiovascular System
94 Infections of the Cardiovascular System Deborah Whitney Infective Endocarditis Infective endocarditis (IE) is an infection of the endocardium, most commonly producing vegetations on heart valves, but also involving perivalvular…
Neonatal Infections
105 Neonatal Infections Lori A. Christ Neonates are uniquely susceptible to bacterial and viral infections because of deficiencies in immune function, including neutrophil function and humoral and cellular immunity. Before…
Development of the Cardiovascular System
42 Development of the Cardiovascular System Kristin N. Ray, Anitha S. John Embryologic development of the heart requires the coordination of multiple steps, including heart tube formation, cardiac looping, chamber…
Arrhythmias
45 Arrhythmias Javier J. Lasa Although infrequent in the pediatric population, arrhythmias represent potentially significant causes of morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis and management of arrhythmias require an understanding of…
Vascular Disorders
123 Vascular Disorders Lara Wine Lee Vascular lesions of the skin are a common pediatric problem with a wide range of clinical presentations. In 1996, the International Society for the…
Constipation
112 Constipation Melissa Kennedy Constipation is an extremely common complaint in children, accounting for 3% to 5% of all visits to general pediatric clinics and as many as 30% of…
Hypoglycemia
72 Hypoglycemia Andrew A. Palladino, Diva D. DeLeón Hypoglycemia is often the initial manifestation of a disorder of energy metabolism and regulation. The accurate diagnosis of the underlying condition facilitates…
Disorders of the Adrenal Gland
70 Disorders of the Adrenal Gland Roy J. Kim, Rachana Shah The adrenal gland is really two separate organs: the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, and the adrenal cortex…
