HYPERTHYROIDISM
39 HYPERTHYROIDISM General Discussion Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state that results from excess synthesis and release of thyroid hormone, usually from the thyroid gland. The overall incidence of subclinical and…
HYPERTENSION
38 HYPERTENSION General Discussion The relationship between blood pressure and the risk of cardiovascular disease is continuous, consistent, and independent of other risk factors. As the blood pressure rises, so…
HYPOGLYCEMIA
40 HYPOGLYCEMIA General Discussion Symptoms of hypoglycemia begin at plasma glucose levels of approximately 60 mg/dL, and impairment of nervous system function begins at approximately 50 mg/dL. Clinical hypoglycemia is…
HYPERNATREMIA
37 HYPERNATREMIA General Discussion Hypernatremia is defined as a serum sodium concentration exceeding 145 mEq/L. In contrast to hyponatremia, which usually results from a defect in renal water handling, the…
HYPERCOAGULABLE STATES
35 HYPERCOAGULABLE STATES General Discussion Hypercoagulable conditions are classified as primary (an inherited condition) or secondary (an acquired state). The inherited disorders include factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A gene mutation,…
HYPERKALEMIA
36 HYPERKALEMIA General Discussion Hyperkalemia is defined as a serum potassium concentration greater than 5.0 mEq/L and can become life threatening when the potassium concentration rises above 6.5 mEq/L. Hyperkalemia…
HEMOPTYSIS
32 HEMOPTYSIS General Discussion Hemoptysis, the coughing up of blood from the respiratory tract, must be differentiated from hematemesis (the vomiting of blood) and pseudohemoptysis (blood in the sputum that…
HEMATOSPERMIA
30 HEMATOSPERMIA General Discussion Hematospermia, or blood in the ejaculate, may result from many different causes. Most men with hematospermia are young, with infections or inflammatory disorders accounting for 39%…
