Fig. 15.1 Selection of possible hypoxia-dependent mechanisms contributing to pulmonary vascular remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-pulmonary hypertension (COPD-PH). Cigarette smoke-induced airway obstruction and emphysema can result in hypoxia. Hypoxia,…
Fig. 11.1 Netrins and their receptors in the vascular system. a Netrin family members show a structural homology to the β-laminin (Netrin4) or γ-laminin (Netrin1, 2, 3, and G) subunits….
Fig. 14.1 Domain structure for hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins (PHDs), and factor-inhibiting HIF (FIH). a Schematic diagram of the HIF-1α, HIF-2α, and HIF-1α proteins and their functional…
Fig. 12.1 45 ° Fundus photograph of a 35 year old type 1 diabetic patient after 12 years of disease. No signs of diabetic retinopathy detectable One disease that frequently strikes in…
Fig. 10.1 a Distribution of tissue factor (TF) in the vessel wall. b Disturbance of the membrane asymmetry in the membrane of activated platelets enables Ca2+-dependent binding of coagulation factors…
Fig. 13.1 Angiopoietin functions in the vasculature. In the adult vasculature, angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) contributes to the stabilization of pre-existing vessels by providing a basal signal that leads to constitutive Tie2…
Fig. 8.1 Summary of signal transduction pathways operating downstream of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA) in endothelial cells of relevance for vascular permeability in vivo . See text for details….
Fig. 2.1 Arterial and venous precursor cell migration. a At 12 hpf, angioblasts are located within the anterior and posterior lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) in two bilateral stripes. Presumably, even at…
Fig. 3.1 Association of pericytes and endothelial cells. a Schematic representation of endothelial cells (blue) and mural cells (pink). Vascular smooth muscle cells cover larger vessels such as arterioles. In…
Fig. 16.1 Antihypertensive, antithrombotic, and antiatherosclerotic effects of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The eNOS enzyme in endothelial cells (ECs) can be activated by shear stress or agonists such as…
