Differential Diagnosis
Fig. 14.1 Clinical suspicion for definite and non-criterial APS 14.2 Definite APS with Usual Clinical Manifestations The clinical picture of APS is protean and very variable in the single patient,…
The Paradox of Lupus Anticoagulant
Fig. 2.1 Flow chart for diagnosis of LAC Numerous variables affect screening tests for LAC detection. The low content of PL renders the test more sensitive, and KCT can be…
Secondary Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Clinical criteria One or more episodes of arterial, venous, or small vessel thrombosis by validated criteria with no vessel wall inflammation One or more unexplained fetal deaths later than 10…
New Treatments
Fig. 18.1 Mechanisms of action of potential future therapeutic tools in APS. ROS reactive oxygen species, β2GPI β2 glycoprotein I, aβ2GPI antibodies against β2GPI, PDI protein disulfide-isomerase, ACEi angiotensin-converting enzyme…
Antiphospholipid Antibody Carriers
Management of aPL carriers: Identify and reverse traditional cardio vascular risk factors Identify concomitant systemic autoimmune diseases Consider drugs acting on platelet and coagulation system: ASA [20–22] LMWH [8, 19]…
Antiphospholipid Antibody Mechanisms of Thrombosis
Fig. 3.1 Schematic representation of the coagulation cascade. HK high-molecular-weight kininogen, PK prekallikrein, PL phospholipid, PT prothrombin, TH thrombin coagulation cascade Fluid-phase coagulation components are involved in propagation of the…
Treatment of Pregnancy Complications
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015Pier Luigi Meroni (ed.)Antiphospholipid Antibody SyndromeRare Diseases of the Immune System10.1007/978-3-319-11044-8_16 16. Treatment of Pregnancy Complications Barbara Acaia1 , Federica Rossi1 and Cecilia Beatrice Chighizola2, 3 (1) U.O. Ostetricia e Ginecologia I, U.O.S. Patologia…
Treatment of Thrombosis in Antiphospholipid Syndrome
High-risk patients Low-risk patients Lupus anticoagulant presence Isolated intermittently positive aCL or aβ2GPI at low titers aCL at medium–high titers Previous single venous thrombosis Double or triple positivity (LA, aCL,…
Additional Organs Involved in Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Eye, Ear-Nose-Throat, Lung, Gastroenteric System, Endocrine Glands
Fig. 13.1 The potential involvement of the eye, ear-nose-throat, lung, gastrointestinal system, and endocrine glands in APS is illustrated 13.2 Eye Involvement in APS While the eye involvement is uncommon…
Non-Thrombotic Hematologic Manifestations in APS
Treatment Response rate Sustained response First-line therapy Corticosteroids ~70–85 % 20–30 % Prednisone 1 mg/kg/day p.o. Methylprednisolone i.v. 5–10 mg/kg/day for 3–5 days High-dose dexamethasone 40 mg/day for 4…
