Index abdominal sonography 74 abnormalities, perinatal 166–75 abortion 41, 50, 261, 269, 272 abscesses 316 absent end-diastolic flow (AEDF) 166–73, 252–4 artifacts 168 birthweight 253 detection 20–2 diagnosis 166–8 fetal aorta 168–9 fetal heart rate 170 intracerebral hemorrhage 170–1 intrauterine growth retardation 170 labor 189 neuromotor abnormalities 170 neuromotor development 169 perinatal abnormalities 169 placental weight, gestational age 253 positive end-diastolic flow 171 pregnancy-induced hypertension 172 reverse flow 171–2 umbilical arteries, placental insufficiency 254 absent or reverse end-diastolic flow (ARED) 172–3 abscesses 86 absolute velocities 342 absorption 3 coefficient 29 acetylcholine (ACh) 64 acoustic impedance 2 adenocarcinomas 325 adenofibromas, endometrial 270 adenomatous hyperplasia 282 and uterine malignancy 271 vascularization 269 adnexal tumors benign 304–9 blood flow velocity 315–16 color Doppler sonography 304–9 corpus luteum 315–16 diastolic notch 313 malignant 310–18 size 315 vascular impedance 314 vessels 315–16 AEDF see absent end-diastolic flow AFI see amniotic fluid index AGA fetuses 254 age abortion 50 endometrial carcinoma 288 endometrial function 46–7 endometrial thickness 51 oocyte quality 50 ovarian artery 52 ovarian cancer 335 ovarian function 51 pituitary-ovarian axis 51 uterine artery 53 uterine receptivity 50 color duplex imaging 17 continuous-wave Doppler sonography 352 power Doppler imaging 17 allergies 74 alpha-adrenergic receptors 51 amniocentesis 120–1 amniotic cavity 232 amniotic fluid index (AFI) 150, 158–9 expanded (EFI) 159 amniotic-type inflammations 245 αNA see norepinephrine analysis 18–20 anemia 142–3 aneurysms 242 angiogenesis 64 breast carcinomas 376 Doppler sonography, color 312 inhibitors 326 menstrual cycle 36 neoangiogenesis 312 ovarian tumors 322–6 three-dimensional imaging 320–6 angiography 350 angiotensin 176 angle continuous-wave Doppler sonography 352 insonation 16 anovulatory cycles 38 anteflexed uterus 58 antiphospholipid antibody syndrome 244 aortic coarctation 207 aortic stenosis 224 Apgar score 170, 173, 251–2, 255 appropriate for gestational age see AGA AR see autoregression arcuate arteries 121 ARED see absent or reverse end-diastolic flow arterial vasculopathy, acute 244 arteries abdominal, stenoses 21 D-transposition 213–14, 217–18, 224, 226 dilation, pregnancy 117 femoral 177–9 intracranial 178 uterine fertility 45–6 arteriovenous anastomoses 143 arteriovenous fistulae 20 arteriovenous malformations 278 artifacts absent end-diastolic flow 168 B-mode ultrasound 7–8 color Doppler sonography 22–3 diagnosis 20–3 motion 23 shadowing 23 vibration 22 Aschoff-Tawara node see still-refractory AV node ASD see atrial septal defects Asherman syndrome 44–5 assisted reproduction Doppler sonography 62–4 color 57–68 endometrium 59 follicular aspiration 83–4 see also in-vitro fertilization asymmetrical vascular foci 339 atherosclerosis 242 atherosis, acute 243–4 atresia 41 atrial septal defects 205–7 ASD-dependent 218 postnatal defects 217 atrioventricular anomalies 223 atrioventricular canal defects see atrioventricular septal defects atrioventricular fistular vibration artifacts 22 atrioventricular septal defects 206, 225 atrioventricular valves 204, 206–7, 221 attenuation 3 autocorrelation 11 autoregression (AR) 12 AV valve see atrioventricular valves axial resolution 5 breast cancer diagnosis 353 breast tumors 340 corpus luteum 80 ductus venosus 137 endometrial carcinoma 291 fibroadenoma 341 insonation angle 16 line density 18 normal ovaries 304 safety 33 septate uterus 261–2 see also color Duplex sonography; duplex sonography balance index (BI) 179 balloon atrioseptostomy 218 basal plate 230 vessels 236–7 basal pseudoinfarcts 242 beta-mimetics 120–1 BI see balance index bigeminal extrasystoles 142 biophysical profile see ABCD profile blastocytes 230 blood flow velocity adnexal tumors 315–16 breast tumors 342 corpus luteum 98 hormone stimulation 63 radial arteries 37–8 spiral arteries 37–8 spontaneous cycles 63 uterine arteries 63 blood supply leiomyomas 43 pregnancy 117 uterine 98 uteroplacental 116 Bourneville-Pringle disease 198, 216 menopause 365–7 panoramic images 27 resistance index 361–2, 365, 373–5 breast cancer diagnosis aliasing 352 angiography 350 B-mode sonography 353 blood flow 354–5 Doppler sonography continuous wave 350–1 pulsed 351 frequency 352 gain 352 histology 372 magnetic resonance imaging 350 mammography 348–9 menopause 372–5 patients 353 power output 353 pulse repetition frequency 352 resistance indices 372–7 thermography 349 transducers 352 tumor vascularity 349 tumor vessels 353–4 ultrasonography 348 wall filters 352 breast carcinomas angiogenesis 376 color Doppler sonography 301, 342, 356, 358 duplex sonography 356 ultrasound 348 breast tumors 343–5 absolute velocities 342 B-mode sonography 340 benign 350 benign-malignant discrimination 360–3, 371–8 blood flow 339–47, 360, 364–71 chemotherapy 350 color pixels 343–5 diastolic notch 345 Doppler sonography color 48–59, 302, 340, 343, 348–59, 371–8 continuous-wave 350 Doppler waveforms 344–5 hormone replacement therapy 364–70 mirror image areas 345 prognosis 371 blood vessels 361–3 hormone replacement therapy 368–9 menopause 365–7 vascular impedance 342 Brenner tumor 308 broadband technique 7 calcitonin gene-related polypeptide (CGRP) 51, 64 cancers estrogen 284 myometrial vessels 286 progestin 284 subendometrial vessels 286 tamoxifen 284 see also individual types of cancers Candida albicans 245–6 capillaries 234–5 carcinoma, endothelial 294–5 carcinomas adenocarcinomas 325 color Doppler sonography 358 endometrial see endometrial carcinomas endothelial 294–5 cardiac defects septa 225–6 see also CATCH-22 cardiac tumors, fetus 216–17 cardiac valves 221–2 cardiac position 217 cardiotocography 33 see also fetal heart rate monitoring carotid sinus 21 CATCH-22 (cardiac defects, abnormal facies, thymic hyperplasia, cleft palate, hypocalcemia, and chromosome 22) 198, 210 catheterization 85 cavitation 29–32 CDS see color duplex sonography cerebral arteries pregnancy 133 reference curves 131–2 term effect 177–9 cerebroplacental ratio 132 cervical carcinoma chemotherapy 299–303 cisplatin 299 Doppler sonography color 297 pulsed color 299–303 intratumoral vascularity 300–1 tumor volume 299 cervix cerclage 120–1 lesions 301–2 mucus 47–8 CGRP see calcitonin gene-related peptide chemotherapy breast tumors 350 cervical carcinoma 299–303 endometrial carcinoma 294 intra-arterial 299 chorangiomas 246 chorangiosis 239–40 Vogel type I 239–40 chorion frondosum 231–2 chorion laeve 231 chromosomes 22 see CATCH-22 abnormalities 238 CIN 331 cisplatin 299 cleft palate see CATCH-22 endometrium dysfunction 57 color Doppler echocardiography 219 fetal heart 227–8 growth-retarded fetus 220 imaging jets 220 prenatal diagnosis 219 pulse repetition frequency 219 and two-dimensional echocardiography 227–8 variance mode 219–20 color Doppler hysterosalpingography 88–91 color Doppler sonography 2–28, 116 ABCD profiles 151 adnexal tumors 304–9 angiogenesis 312 angle dependence 13 artifacts 22–3 assisted reproduction 57–68 breast cancer 280, 301, 342, 351–8, 371–2 breast tumors 48–59, 302, 340, 343, 348–59, 371–8 Brenner tumor 308 carcinoma 358 cervical carcinoma 297 cervical lesions 301–2 cystic teratomas 306–7 cysts 308 echocardiography 198–229 ectopic pregnancy 111–15 endometrial carcinoma 281, 291–2 endometrioma 306 endometriosis 308 fallopian tube 72 fetal vena cava 139 fibrocystic breasts 301 fibromas 307–8 intracystic papilloma 357 leiomyoma 43 mastitis 301 normal ovaries 304 nuchal cord 148–54 ovarian cancer 280 parovarian cysts 306 pelvic congestion syndrome 278 pelvic inflammatory disease 307–8 pelvic vascular diseases 278 polycystic ovaries 304–5 power output 16 pregnancy 124 receiver gain 16 safety 29–35 scars 357 septate uterus 264 system settings 18 theca-granulosa cell tumor 308 and transvaginal sonography 113 triplex mode imaging 115 trophoblastic tumors 301 tubal patency 75 uterine arteries 58, 61, 66, 124–8, 281 uterine sarcoma 296 uterus 89–90 velocity scale 16 color duplex sonography (CDS) 9, 11–12 aliasing 17 limitations 13–15 stenoses 21 tubal patency 69–76 turbulence 17 see also B-mode sonography; duplex sonography color imaging analysis 20 box information 16 encoding 12 line density 18 pixels 343–5 priority 18 color velocity imaging (CVI) 31 comet-tail artifacts 8 congenital abnormalities 41 congenital heart disease 143, 198–9, 205–18 conotruncal facial anomaly syndrome 210 continuous-wave (CW) Doppler sonography 355, 364 aliasing 352 angle 352 angle dependence 13 breast tumors 350–1 duplex mode 352–3 sampling beam 220 system settings 18 techniques 9–10 continuous-wave (CW) transducers 116 convex array transducers 4 corpus luteum adnexal tumors 315–16 B-mode ultrasound 80 development 97–8 Doppler sonography 3-D power 323 transvaginal color 315–16 formation 77 function 77–82 hormones 79 luteal phase defect 77–81 mature 97 ovarian carcinomas 315–16 pregnancy 81–2 resistance index 79–80 size 79 transvaginal sonography 80 vascularization 97 correlation 18 cortical impedance (EEG) 151 cross-correlation technique 12 crown-rump length (CRL) 103 CTG see fetal heart monitoring CVI see color velocity imaging; time-domain of correlation CW see continuous wave cystic teratomas 306–7 cysts adenomyosis 44 dermoid 324 Doppler sonography 3-D power 325 transvaginal color 316 echo enhancement 7 harmonic imaging 26 inspissated 349 parovarian 306 and vascular lesions 278 cytology 289 cytomegalovirus see TORCH D see end-diastolic velocity DA see ductus arteriosus demodulation 10 dermoid cysts 324 desquamation phase 262 diffraction artifacts 8 DiGeorge syndrome 210 Doppler flowmetry 122 Doppler indices beta-mimetics 120 cerebral artery 133 ductus venosus 138 endometrial carcinoma 293 fetal descending aorta 133 surgery 120 umbilical artery 133 uterine artery 133–4 venous vascular system 138 Doppler sonography analysis 18–20 assisted reproduction 62–4 data 345–6 endometrial carcinoma 293–4 endometrial receptivity 66–7 fallopian tube 71–3 fetal diseases 166 in-vitro fertilization 58 infertility evaluation 62–4 intrapartum fetal heart rate 182–97 nuchal chord 151–2 parameters 15 pregnancy-induced hypertension, uterine arteries 127 principles 9 receiver gain 16 safety 29–35 septate uterus 261–2 tissue effects 29–30 tubal patency 74–5 tumor neoangiogenesis 346 tumor neovascularity 346 umbilical arteries 254–5 uterine abnormalities 260–5 uterine arteries 127 uterine blood flow 66–7 uteroplacental insufficiency 127 venous 135–45 see also individual types Doppler spectra 10–11 chronic placental insufficiency 138 ductus venosus 138 fibroadenoma 341 parameters 19–20 see also pulsality index; resistance index; S/D ratio pregnancy 125, 136 resistance 19 twins 143 umbilical vein 136 uterine artery 125–6 Doppler ultrasound abnormalities 166–75 embryos 103–10 endometrium 266–72 fallopian tubal patency 70–1 hysterosalpingography 73 luteal phase defect 81 placenta 249–58 placentation, early 103–10 power output 16 see also color Doppler sonography; continuous-wave Doppler sonography; power Doppler sonography; pulsed-wave Doppler sonography Doppler velocimetry fetoplacental unit 170–3 nuchal cord 149–50 pregnancy 120 Doppler waveforms 345 breast tumors 344 fetal vessels 120 quantile curves 129–30 uterine perfusion 120 double-expansion-chamber model 191 Down syndrome 198 drug abuse 157 ductal carcinoma 349 ductus arteriosus (DA) 203–4, 206, 217 ductus venosus 135–40, 143, 202 duplex sonography 9–28, 30–3, 352–6 dynamic focusing 6 dynamic frequency filtering 7 dynamic range 7 dysmaturity see intrauterine growth retardation echo 2–9 echocardiography, color Doppler 198–229 eclampsia 159 ectopic pregnancy (EP) 111–15 edge enhancement 7 EDRF see endothelial-derived relaxing factor Edwards syndrome 198 EEG see cortical impedance EFI see amniotic fluid index; expanded amniotic fluid index EFSUMB clinical safety 33 electrocautery 278 electronic beam steering 4 intratubal (TET) 57 embryonic circulation 107–9 end-diastolic flow high-risk pregnancy 173 infertility 38 postnatal development 173 umbilical arteries 252–4 velocity (D) 19, 36–8, 98, 252–4 see also absent end-diastolic flow; positive end-diastolic flow; reverse end-diastolic flow endarteritis obliterans 241 endarteropathy obliterans 240–1 endocardial cushion defect see atrioventricular septal defect endocardial fibroelastosis 143, 223 endometrial carcinomas 288–90 age 288 B-mode sonography 291 transvaginal 292–3 chemotherapy 294 cytology 289 diabetes 288 Doppler indices 293 Doppler sonography 293–4 transvaginal color 290–1 transvaginal pulsed 290–1 echogenicity 289 and endometrial hyperplasia 270–1 endometrial thickness 289–92 estrogen 288 genetic factors 288 intrauterine fluid 292 myometrial invasion 292 obesity 288 screening 288–9 spiral arteries 294 tumor vessels 290–2 ultrasound transabdominal 289–90 transvaginal 290 uterine bleeding 289 uterine vascularity 294 endometrioma 306 Doppler sonography color 308 three-dimensional power 324 transvaginal color 316 vascularization 269 endometritis 44 abortive secretion 60 adenofibromas 270 adenomyosis 44 assisted reproduction 59 benign changes 266–72 desquamation phase 262 Doppler sonography, color 57 Doppler ultrasound 266–72 pulsed 57 dysfunction, clomiphene 57 echogenicity 59 endometritis 44 examination 266–72 fertility 46 follicular phase, early 266 functional status 57 human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 45 hyperplasia 270–1 in-vitro fertilization 39 leiomyomas 43 midluteal phase 266 normal 60 ovulation 266 peristalsis 47 placental development 231 sonography, transvaginal 113 sonomorphology 57 spiral arteries 38 structure 45 Swiss cheese 44 thickness 45–6, 51, 60–1, 99, 289–92 vessels 284 endothelial relaxing factor (ERF) 51 endothelial-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) 100 energy mode imaging see power Doppler imaging enlarged atrium 217 EP see ectopic pregnancy epithelial plates 255 ERF see endothelial relaxing factor erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 69
A
B
C
D
E
Stay updated, free articles. Join our Telegram channel
Full access? Get Clinical Tree
