Tympanocentesis
Gregory J. Milmoe
Otitis media in neonates and infants under 6 months of age has been a confusing topic because of the overlap between acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion (1). The latter is most relevant for hearing issues while the former is an infection that a newborn might not handle as well as a toddler due to an immature immune system. The infection threat is compounded when a baby in intensive care has additional infections or has become debilitated by other comorbidities (2, 3, 4, 5). In these circumstances, tympanocentesis can help in both the diagnosis and the treatment of the problem. Abnormal otoscopy may not be enough to distinguish among acute infection, chronic effusion, and nonresponding infection. Creating the opening in the ear drum will also allow some drainage for decompression and give a sample for culture that will help direct antibiotic therapy (1, 6).
A. Indications
The situations in which tympanocentesis would be most helpful include:
1. Infection in severely immunocompromised infants
2. Infection in an infant already on antibiotics or not responding after 72 hours to chosen antibiotic
3. Infection with suppurative complications (e.g., mastoiditis, facial paralysis, sepsis)
4. Need to confirm the diagnosis when the clinical examination is not clear
5. Need to relieve severe otalgia
B. Contraindications
1. Difficulty in confirming ossicular landmarks. One must be able to identify the malleus and the annulus of the tympanic membrane (TM) (Fig. 23.1).