Timing of cesarean delivery in women with ≥2 previous cesarean deliveries





Background


The rate of cesarean delivery is continuously increasing with the leading indication being a previous cesarean delivery. For women with 1 previous cesarean delivery, it is generally agreed that the optimal timing of delivery by elective cesarean delivery is during the 39th week of gestation, whereas for women with ≥2 previous cesarean deliveries, the optimal delivery time remains debatable.


Objective


To assess the maternal and neonatal risks associated with elective delivery at different gestational ages ranging from 37 0/7 to 39 6/7 weeks’ gestation and to compare it with expectant management among women with at least 2 previous cesarean deliveries.


Study Design


This was a retrospective, population-based cohort study of all women with at least 2 previous cesarean deliveries who delivered after 36 6/7 weeks of gestation in Ontario, Canada, between April 2012 and March 2019. Women with multifetal pregnancies or major fetal anomalies were excluded. For each completed gestational week, outcomes of women who had an elective repeat cesarean delivery at that week solely because of 2 previous cesarean deliveries were compared with the outcomes of those who were managed expectantly and delivered at a later gestational age. The primary outcome was a composite of maternal outcomes including mortality and severe maternal morbidity. Secondary outcomes were adverse neonatal outcomes.


Results


A total of 26,522 women met the inclusion criteria. The maternal risk was similar for elective delivery at 37 0/7 to 38 6/7 weeks of gestation compared with expectant management. However, elective delivery at 39 0/7 to 39 6/7 weeks’ gestation was associated with a decreased risk for adverse outcomes when compared with expectant management (adjusted risk ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.29–0.91). For the neonate, elective delivery during the 37th week of gestation significantly increased the incidence of the composite adverse outcome than in an ongoing pregnancy (adjusted risk ratio, 1.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.39–2.01), but was comparable for elective delivery at 38 0/7 to 39 6/7 weeks’ gestation and expectant management. The risk for an unplanned cesarean delivery increased from 6.5% before 38 weeks’ gestation to 21.7% before 39 weeks’ gestation and to 32.6% before 40 weeks’ gestation.


Conclusion


For women with ≥2 cesarean deliveries, elective delivery at 38 0/7 to 38 6/7 weeks’ gestation likely represents the optimal balance between neonatal and maternal risk while decreasing the likelihood of an unplanned cesarean delivery.


Introduction


The rate of cesarean delivery (CD) is continuously increasing, accounting for approximately one-third of all deliveries in the United States and a similar proportion in Canada. The leading medical indication for a CD is a previous CD, accounting for 40% of all CDs performed annually. Although not an absolute contraindication for vaginal delivery, , most pregnant women with 2 previous CDs will undergo a third CD. The optimal timing of an elective CD among women with at least 2 previous CDs remains controversial.



AJOG at a Glance


Why was this study conducted?


Optimal timing of delivery in women with >1 previous cesarean delivery (CD) is unknown. Previous studies did not take into account the risks and benefits of elective delivery compared with expectant management.


Key findings


Compared with expectant management, the risk for a composite adverse maternal outcome associated with elective delivery at 38 and 39 weeks’ gestation was similar, but the risk increased beyond 39 weeks. The composite adverse neonatal outcome risk was greater for elective delivery at 37 weeks’ gestation, but similar to expectant management from 38 weeks’ gestation onward. The risk for unplanned CD increased from one-fifth for elective delivery before 39+0 weeks’ gestation to nearly one-third for delivery after 39+0 weeks’ gestation.


What does this add to what is known?


Elective CD between 38 0/7 and 38 6/7 weeks’ gestation optimally balances maternal and neonatal risk with the risk of unplanned delivery.



A decision about the optimal timing of a scheduled CD should take into consideration both the neonatal and maternal risks. On one hand, early term delivery could increase the risk for neonatal morbidity. For the woman, a CD performed before the development of a lower uterine segment may increase blood loss, the need for blood transfusion, and maternal length of hospitalization. In contrast, term delivery before 40 weeks’ gestation has its benefits as well. For the neonate, it may prevent potential outcomes associated with prolonged gestation, such as stillbirth and the development of placenta-mediated complications. For the woman, a CD scheduled later in gestation increases the likelihood of developing preeclampsia or performing an unscheduled emergency CD because of the onset of labor. With a CD preformed during labor, the risk for maternal infections, use of anesthesia, and surgical complications increases. , The risk for the latter is even greater after multiple CDs, because the risk for accreta spectrum disorders, bowel and bladder injuries, uterine rupture, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, hysterectomy, blood transfusion, and length of hospital stay all increase considerably. ,


For women with 1 previous CD, it is generally agreed that the optimal timing of delivery by elective CD is during the 39th week of gestation, , whereas for women with 2 previous CDs, the optimal timing of delivery remains debatable. Previous studies that investigated the ideal timing of a third CD were mostly single-center cohort studies with a small sample size. These studies analyzed the risks and benefits associated with the timing of term delivery at each gestational week and compared it with the referent of 39 weeks but did not account for possible outcomes occurring beyond that week. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes associated with elective delivery at different gestational ages from 37 0/7 to 39 6/7 weeks by comparing it with expectant management and to assess the risk for nonelective CDs during these weeks in women with at least 2 previous CDs. We hypothesized that in this population of women, delivery during the 39th week of gestation will be associated with optimal maternal and neonatal outcomes.


Methods


Study population


This was a retrospective, population-based cohort study of all women with at least 2 previous CDs who delivered at term between 37 0/7 and 40 6/7 weeks of gestation in Ontario, Canada, between April 2012 and March 2019. All permanent residents of Ontario receive universal health coverage under the government-funded provincial health insurance plan. Women with a multifetal pregnancy or a major fetal anomaly were excluded. Data were obtained from the Better Outcomes Registry & Network (BORN) Ontario ( https://www.bornontario.ca/en/about-born/ ), which is a province-wide registry of all births recorded in Ontario, Canada. On admission to the labor and delivery unit, data were collected for each parturient by healthcare providers and hospital staff from charts, clinical forms, and patient interviews and then entered into the BORN Information System (BIS). The BIS contains information on maternal demographics, health behaviors, and reproductive history, and clinical information pertaining to pregnancy, labor, birth, and fetal and neonatal outcomes. An ongoing program of data verification, quality assurance, and formal training sessions for individuals collecting and entering data guarantees that a high level of data quality is maintained.


For all study years, the BORN data were linked with maternal and newborn discharge abstracts from the Canadian Institute for Health Information’s Discharge Abstract Database (DAD). This database contains a set of validated diagnostic codes from the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Canadian version (ICD-10-CA) and intervention codes from the Canadian Classification of Health Interventions for all in-hospital deliveries. This linkage of the BORN and DAD databases ensures the highest probability of identifying maternal and neonatal diagnoses from all special-care nursery units in Ontario.


This study was approved by our local institutional review board (IRB#131-2018).


Definitions and comparison groups


The timing of delivery was determined in terms of completed gestational weeks so that 39 weeks, for example, included deliveries from 39 0/7 to 39 6/7 weeks of gestation. Gestational age was based on the best obstetrical estimate (last menstrual period compared with ultrasound measurements) determined by the treating healthcare provider. In Ontario, 75.3% of women have a first trimester ultrasound. For the purpose of this analysis, we regarded any elective CD performed solely for the indication of 2 previous CDs as an elective CD. This category included CDs performed on maternal request and those performed for a declined trial of labor after CD (TOLAC). We present all term deliveries until 40 6/7 weeks’ gestation to reflect the current practice of timing of delivery in Ontario. However, because elective delivery at 40 weeks’ gestation and beyond is uncommon among women with at least 2 previous CDs, we only analyzed women undergoing elective CD between 37 0/7 and 39 6/7 weeks of gestation.


In an attempt to mimic the clinical decision making process, we compared elective CD at each gestational week, from 37 0/6 to 39 6/7 weeks, with cases that were managed expectantly during that week and those that were delivered from the beginning of the following week and onward so that women electively sectioned at 37 0/7 to 37 6/7 weeks were compared with women who delivered from 38 0/7 weeks onward. This comparison group included women who delivered either by an elective CD at a later date, an obstetrically indicated repeat CD, a CD performed after labor onset, or vaginal delivery ( Figure ). Obstetrically indicated repeat CDs were defined as any CD performed for indications other than a previous CD (eg, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy or placental abruption).




Figure


Flow chart description of the study and control groups (2012–2019)

The dashed lines represent groups not included in the statistical analysis. An elective CD was defined as any women who had an indication for CD either because of maternal request, a previous CD, or a declined trial of labor after CD.

CD , cesarean delivery; VD , vaginal delivery.

Shinar et al. Timing of cesarean delivery in women with 2 previous cesarean deliveries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022.


Outcomes


The primary outcome was a composite of maternal outcomes, including mortality and severe maternal morbidity as previously defined. This was identified through the ICD-10-CA diagnosis codes and the Canadian Classification of Health Interventions procedure codes associated with severe maternal illness. Specifically, these outcomes comprised uterine rupture or dehiscence, placental abruption, intra- or postoperative surgical complications (including CD or postpartum hysterectomy, repair of bladder, urethra, or intestines, and embolization or ligation of pelvic vessels or B-Lynch suture of uterus), postpartum blood transfusions, ICU admissions, other postpartum complications (including puerperal sepsis, deep vein thrombosis, or pulmonary embolism and evacuation of incisional hematoma), and prolonged hospital stay of >1 week. The composite maternal outcome (any 1 of the above or a combination of the above) was calculated. Additional outcomes, relevant only to the expectant management group, included hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (including gestational hypertension and preeclampsia) and placental abruption.


Secondary outcomes were neonatal outcomes. These included stillbirth, neonatal death, neonatal respiratory morbidity, 5-minute Apgar score of <7, arterial blood cord pH of <7.1, neonatal ICU (NICU) admission of >24 hours, seizures or hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, and sepsis. Neonatal respiratory morbidity was defined as any of the following: transient tachypnea of the newborn, need for respiratory support in the form of continuous positive airway pressure, mechanical ventilation, or respiratory distress syndrome. The composite neonatal outcome (any one of the above or their combination) was calculated.


Statistical analysis


The baseline characteristics and maternal and neonatal outcomes were compared between the elective CD group at each gestational week and the expectant management group. Chi-square test or Fisher exact test was used for categorical variables and Wilcoxon rank sum test or 2-sample t test was used for continuous variables. Significance was set at a 2-sided P value of <.05.


Crude and adjusted risk ratios for the study outcomes in the elective CD vs expectant management groups were calculated at each gestational week using clustered logistic regression analyses. The analysis was adjusted for pregestational body mass index (BMI), maternal age, number of previous CDs, previous vaginal deliveries, and gestational weight gain. We chose these variables because of their potential association with maternal outcomes. For example, a high pregestational BMI, increased gestational weight gain, and more previous CDs may lead to longer, more complex surgeries with a greater risk for blood loss and intra- and postoperative complications. Previous vaginal deliveries impact TOLAC potential and thus maternal outcomes. Multiple imputation was used to improve the rate of missing data for the pregestational BMI variable. Additional potential confounders, including ethnicity, smoking, preexisting maternal comorbidities (gestational and pregestational diabetes and chronic hypertension), and maternal and fetal levels of care, were evaluated using a change in estimate approach. Variables that did not meet the 10% cutoff used to identify confounders were not included in the final regression models.


Descriptive statistics were used to describe the rate of complications relevant only to the expectant management groups (hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and placental abruption). The anticipated fraction of urgent CD (defined as CD performed for an obstetrical indication or CD performed while in labor) for each gestational week was calculated pragmatically as the number of women who underwent an urgent CD during or before that gestational week divided by the number of women who remained pregnant after that completed gestational week multiplied by 100.


Data were analyzed using SAS statistical software, version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC).


Results


Characteristics of the study population


A total of 985,530 women had a hospital birth in Ontario, Canada, during the study period of whom 30,464 (3.09%) had at least 2 previous CDs. A total of 26,522 women met the inclusion criteria and delivered between 37 0/7 and 40 6/7 weeks of gestation ( Figure ). This cohort was divided into 3 comparison groups, 1 for each gestational week, and among those, women who underwent elective CD were compared with those who underwent expectant management. As such, 1345 women who underwent an elective CD during the 37th week of gestation were compared with 23,417 women who were managed expectantly during the corresponding weeks and who delivered from 38 0/7 weeks of gestation onward. The latter was made up of women who underwent a CD, either elective or during labor and either indicated or nonindicated, and women who delivered vaginally. Similarly, 7708 women who underwent an elective CD during the 38th week of gestation were compared with 12,225 women who were managed expectantly during the corresponding weeks and who delivered from 39 0/7 weeks of gestation onward.


Overall, the characteristics of women in the elective CD and expectant management groups were similar with regards to maternal age and gestational weight gain. At any given week between 37 0/7 and 38 6/7 weeks, women in the elective CD group were more likely to be Black, to have pregestational and gestational diabetes, and to have had >2 previous CDs than women in the expectant management group. The rates of chronic hypertension did not differ between the elective and expectant management groups across all gestational ages that were compared. Women with a previous vaginal delivery who remained undelivered at 39 0/7 weeks’ gestation were more likely to be managed expectantly and deliver after 39 6/7 weeks’ gestation ( P <.0001) ( Table 1 ).



Table 1

Patient characteristics

































































































































































































































































Maternal characteristics Elective CD (37+0 to 37+6 wk) n=1345 Expectant (38+0 wk) a n=23,417 P value Elective CD (38+0 to 38+6 wk) n=7708 Expectant (39+0 wk) a n=12,225 P value Elective CD (39+0 to 39+6 wk) n=8929 Expectant (40+0 wk) a n=1111 P value
Maternal age (y) 33.63 (4.90) 33.23 (4.73) .007 b 33.26 (4.8) 33.06 (4.7) .005 b 32.97 (4.7) 32.75 (4.9) .16
Pregestational BMI (kg/m 2 ) 27.41 (9.34) 26.68 (8.48) .006 b 26.78 (8.4) 26.56 (8.3) .08 26.47 (8.3) 26.57 (8.2) .36
BMI <25 406 (30.2) 7825 (33.4) .01 b 2474 (32.1) 4230 (34.6) <.001 b 3166 (35.5) 351 (31.6) .01 b
BMI 25–29 334 (24.8) 6057 (25.9) .39 2055 (26.7) 3158 (25.8) .19 2329 (26.1) 279 (25.1) .48
BMI 30–39 329 (24.5) 5256 (22.4) .08 1715 (22.2) 2710 (22.2) .89 1967 (22.0) 232 (20.9) .38
BMI ≥40 77 (5.7) 1230 (5.3) .45 392 (5.1) 612 (5) .80 436 (4.9) 53 (4.8) .86
Missing 199 (14.8) 3049 (13) .06 1072 (13.9) 1515 (12.4) .0019 b 1031 (11.5) 196 (17.6) <.0001 b
Gestational weight gain (kg) 12.30 (9.20) 13.00 (8.70) .16 12.80 (8.6) 13.00 (8.6) .60 13.00 (8.4) 13.10 (8.5) .91
Ethnicity <.0001 b <.0001 b <.0001 b
White 418 (31.1) 7465 (31.9) .54 2473 (32.1) 4030 (33.0) .20 3123 (35.0) 278 (25.0) <.0001 b
Asian or East-Asian 224 (16.7) 3675 (15.7) .35 1199 (15.6) 1735 (14.2) .008 b 1212 (13.6) 90 (8.1) <.0001 b
Black 144 (10.7) 1656 (7.1) <.0001 b 630 (8.2) 766 (6.3) <.0001 b 525 (5.9) 69 (6.2) .66
Other 61 (4.5) 887 (3.8) .16 275 (3.6) 442 (3.6) .86 330 (3.7) 24 (2.2) .009 b
Missing 498 (37.0) 9734 (41.6) .001 b 3131 (40.6) 5252 (43) .001 b 3739 (41.9) 650 (58.5) <.0001 b
Smoking 162 (12.0) 2633 (11.2) .37 859 (11.1) 1403 (11.5) .47 1039 (11.6) 152 (13.7) .05
Missing 26 (1.9) 406 (1.7) .59 159 (2.1) 177 (1.4) .001 b 126 (1.4) 17 (1.5) .75
>2 previous CDs 391 (29.1) 4317 (18.4) <.0001 b 1638 (21.3) 2033 (16.6) <.0001 b 1515 (17.0) 178 (16.0) .43
Previous vaginal delivery 134 (10) 1830 (7.8) .005 b 558 (7.2) 940 (7.7) .24 543 (6.1) 163 (14.7) <.0001 b
Missing 91 (6.8) 946 (4.0) <.0001 b 441 (5.7) 376 (3.1) <.0001 b 261 (2.9) 44 (4.0) .057
Chronic hypertension 15 (1.1) 332 (1.4) .36 71 (0.9) 100 (0.8) .44 48 (0.5) 11 (1.0) .06
Pregestational diabetes 94 (7) 410 (1.8) <.0001 b 199 (2.6) 101 (0.8) <.0001 b 62 (0.7) 18 (1.6) .0011 b
Gestational diabetes 239 (17.8) 2467 (10.5) <.0001 b 984 (12.8) 979 (8) <.0001 b 660 (7.4) 78 (7.0) .66

Data are presented as number (percentage) or mean (standard deviation) where appropriate. Elective CD included women who had an indication for CD either because of maternal request, a previous CD, or declined trial of labor after CD. A woman with any combination of these indications was included in the elective CD category.

BMI , body mass index; CD , cesarean delivery.

Shinar et al. Timing of cesarean delivery in women with ≥2 previous cesarean deliveries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022.

a Expectant group included women who either delivered by an elective repeat CD at a later date, an obstetrically indicated CD, a CD after labor onset, or a vaginal delivery


b Significant P values.



Maternal outcomes


The incidence of the composite maternal outcome was comparable between elective delivery at 37 0/7 to 37 6/7 weeks’ gestation and expectant management and between elective delivery at 38 0/7 to 38 6/7 weeks’ gestation and expectant management. Conversely, elective delivery at 39 0/7 to 39 6/7 weeks’ gestation was associated with a significantly lower risk for the composite adverse outcome than expectant management from 40 0/7 weeks’ gestation (2.1% vs 3.2%; P =.02) ( Table 2 ). Maternal death, placental abruption, intra- and postoperative surgical complications, other postpartum complications, postpartum blood transfusions, and ICU admissions were rare events across all gestational age groups and the incidence thereof did not differ significantly between the elective CD and expectant management groups.



Table 2

Maternal outcomes of elective delivery at a specific gestational week compared with expectant management beyond that week






























































































































Maternal outcomes Elective CD (37+0 to 37+6 wk) n=1345
n (%)
Expectant (38+0 wk) a n=23,417
n (%)
P value Elective CD (38+0 to 38+6 wk) n=7708
n (%)
Expectant (39+0 wk) a n=12,225
n (%)
P value Elective CD (39+0 to 39+6 wk) n= 8929
n (%)
Expectant (40+0 wk) a n=1111
n (%)
P value
Composite maternal outcome b 41 (3) 632 (2.7) .44 207 (2.7) 286 (2.3) .16 186 (2.1) 35 (3.2) .02 c
Maternal death 0 <6 (S) N/A 0 <6 (S) N/A 0 0 N/A
Placental abruption N/A 59 (0.3) N/A N/A 18 (0.1) N/A N/A <6 (S) N/A
Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy N/A 872 (3.7) N/A N/A 286 (2.3) N/A N/A 50 (4.5) N/A
Uterine rupture or dehiscence 11 (0.8) 140 (0.6) .31 35 (0.5) 65 (0.5) .45 38 (0.4) 9 (0.8) .08
Intra- or postoperative surgical complications d 10 (0.7) 218 (0.9) .48 73 (0.9) 103 (0.8) .44 73 (0.8) 11 (1.0) .55
Postpartum blood transfusion 14 (1) 271 (1.2) .70 87 (1.1) 130 (1.1) .67 87 (1.0) 15 (1.4) .24
Other postpartum complications e 0 25 (0.1) .64 9 (0.1) 11 (0.1) .56 6 (0.1) <6 (S) .22
Maternal ICU admission 6 (0.4) 53 (0.2) .14 15 (0.2) 24 (0.2) .98 14 (0.2) <6 (S) .70
Length of hospital stay (>7 d) 9 (0.7) 28 (0.1) .0001 c 11 (0.1) 6 (0) .03 c <6 (S) <6 (S) N/A

Elective CD included women who had an indication for CD either because of maternal request, a previous CD, or declined trial of labor after CD. A woman with any combination of these indications was included in the nonindication category.

CD , cesarean delivery; ICU, intensive care unit; N/A , not applicable; S , suppressed percentage owing to cell size <6.

Shinar et al. Timing of cesarean delivery in women with ≥2 previous cesarean deliveries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022.

a Expectant group included women who either delivered by an elective repeat CD at a later date, an obstetrically indicated CD, CD after labor onset, or a vaginal delivery


b Composite maternal outcome included maternal death, CD or postpartum hysterectomy, additional uterine procedures postpartum, uterine rupture or dehiscence, postpartum blood transfusion, placental abruption, puerperal sepsis, ICU admission, repair of bladder, urethra, or intestine, length of hospital stay >7 days, deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism during the hospitalization, or evacuation of incisional hematoma


c Significant P values


d Intra- or postoperative surgical complications included CD or postpartum hysterectomy, repair of bladder, urethra or intestine, embolization or ligation of pelvic vessels, or B-Lynch suture of uterus


e Other postpartum complications included puerperal sepsis, deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, and evacuation of incisional hematoma.



Neonatal outcomes


The composite adverse neonatal outcome was greater for elective CD at 37 and 38 weeks’ gestation than for expectant management (23.3% vs 12.7% at 37 weeks; P <.0001 and 12.8% vs 11.4% at 38 weeks; P =.004) ( Table 3 ). This was mostly driven by the higher rates of respiratory morbidity and NICU stay >24 hours in the elective CD group ( P <.001 for both outcomes) and a higher risk for sepsis ( P =.02) and incidence of 5-minute Apgar score <7 ( P =.0001) in the elective delivery at 37 weeks group. Conversely, beyond 39 weeks of gestation, expectant management was associated with an increased risk for the composite adverse neonatal outcome (13.6% vs 10.4%; P =.001). This was driven mainly by higher rates of respiratory morbidity (9.3% vs 7.0%; P <.001), 5-minute Apgar score <7 (1.3% vs 0.5%; P =.002), and NICU stay >24 hours (6.8% vs 4.0%; P <.0001). Stillbirth, neonatal death, seizures, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy were rare events that did not differ significantly in incidence across gestational ages.



Table 3

Neonatal outcomes of elective delivery at a specific gestational week compared with expectant management beyond that week



















































































































Neonatal outcomes Elective CD (37+0 to 37+6 wk) n=1345
n (%)
Expectant (38+0 wk) a n=23,417
n (%)
P value Elective CD (38+0 to 38+6 wk) n=7708
n (%)
Expectant (39+0 wk) a n=12,225
n (%)
P value Elective CD (39+0 to 39+6 wk) n=8929
n (%)
Expectant (40+0 wk) a n=1111
n (%)
P value
Composite neonatal outcome b 314 (23.3) 2977 (12.7) <.0001 c 984 (12.8) 1396 (11.4) .004 c 926 (10.4) 151 (13.6) .001 c
Stillbirth <6 (S) 22 (0.1) 1.0 <6 (S) <6 (S) N/A 0 <6 (S) .11
Neonatal death <6 (S) 13 (0.1) .54 <6 (S) <6 (S) N/A <6 (S) <6 (S) N/A
Respiratory morbidity d 238 (17.7) 2009 (8.9) <.0001 c 692 (9.0) 925 (7.6) <.001 c 621 (7.0) 103 (9.3) <.001 c
5-min Apgar score <7 30 (2.2) 202 (0.9) <.0001 c 62 (0.8) 88 (0.7) .50 45 (0.5) 14 (1.3) .002 c
Arterial cord pH <7.1 30 (2.2) 514 (2.2) .93 138 (1.8) 274 (2.2) .03 c 187 (2.1) 25 (2.3) .73
NICU length of stay >24 h 175 (13.0) 1375 (5.9) <.0001 c 493 (6.4) 576 (4.7) <.0001 c 355 (4.0) 76 (6.8) <.0001 c
Sepsis 16 (1.2) 156 (0.7) .02 c 41 (0.5) 60 (0.5) .69 41 (0.5) 6 (0.5) .71
Seizures or hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy <6 (S) 30 (0.1) .69 10 (0.1) 13 (0.1) .64 7 (0.1) <6 (S) .26

Only gold members can continue reading. Log In or Register to continue

Stay updated, free articles. Join our Telegram channel

Feb 23, 2022 | Posted by in OBSTETRICS | Comments Off on Timing of cesarean delivery in women with ≥2 previous cesarean deliveries

Full access? Get Clinical Tree

Get Clinical Tree app for offline access