Skeletal Diseases Influencing Pulmonary Function

Chapter 411 Skeletal Diseases Influencing Pulmonary Function




Pulmonary function is influenced by the structure of the chest wall (Chapter 365). Chest wall abnormalities can lead to restrictive or obstructive pulmonary disease, impaired respiratory muscle strength, and decreased ventilatory performance in response to physical stress. The congenital chest wall deformities include pectus excavatum, pectus carinatum, sternal clefts, Poland syndrome, and skeletal and cartilage dysplasias. Vertebral anomalies such as kyphoscoliosis can alter pulmonary function in children and adolescents.



411.1 Pectus Excavatum (Funnel Chest)







Laboratory Findings


Lateral chest radiograms demonstrate the sternal depression. Use of the Haller index on chest CT (maximal internal transverse diameter of the chest divided by the minimal anteroposterior diameter at the same level) in comparison with age- and gender-appropriate normative values for determining the extent of depression of the chest wall anomaly has become useful in determining the extent of the anatomic abnormality. An electrocardiogram may show a right-axis deviation or Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (Chapter 429); an echocardiogram may demonstrate mitral valve prolapse (Chapter 422.3) and ventricular compression. Results of static pulmonary function tests may be normal but commonly show an obstructive defect in the lower airways and, less commonly, a restrictive defect due to abnormal chest wall mechanics. Exercise testing may demonstrate either normal tolerance or limitations from underlying cardiopulmonary dysfunction that appear associated with the severity of the defect. Ventilatory limitations are commonly seen in younger children and adolescents, whereas cardiac limitations secondary to stroke volume impairments are more commonly seen in older adolescents and young adults.




Bibliography



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Jun 18, 2016 | Posted by in PEDIATRICS | Comments Off on Skeletal Diseases Influencing Pulmonary Function

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