From DeVore GR: Pulsed Doppler examination of the fetal heart. In Goldberg BB, McGahan JP (eds): Atlas of Ultrasound Measurements, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Mosby/Elsevier, 2006.
Gestation (wk)
MITRAL VALVE E/A RATIO
TRICUSPID VALVE E/A RATIO
2.5th Percentile
50th Percentile
97.5th Percentile
2.5th Percentile
50th Percentile
97.5th Percentile
20
0.40
0.59
0.77
0.47
0.65
0.83
21
0.42
0.60
0.79
0.49
0.66
0.84
22
0.43
0.62
0.80
0.50
0.68
0.85
23
0.45
0.63
0.82
0.52
0.69
0.86
24
0.46
0.65
0.83
0.53
0.70
0.87
25
0.48
0.66
0.84
0.54
0.71
0.88
26
0.49
0.68
0.86
0.55
0.72
0.89
27
0.50
0.69
0.87
0.56
0.73
0.90
28
0.52
0.70
0.88
0.57
0.74
0.90
29
0.53
0.71
0.89
0.58
0.74
0.91
30
0.54
0.73
0.90
0.58
0.75
0.91
31
0.55
0.74
0.91
0.59
0.75
0.92
32
0.56
0.75
0.92
0.59
0.76
0.92
33
0.57
0.76
0.93
0.60
0.76
0.92
34
0.58
0.76
0.93
0.60
0.76
0.92
35
0.59
0.77
0.94
0.60
0.76
0.92
36
0.59
0.78
0.95
0.60
0.76
0.92
37
0.60
0.79
0.95
0.60
0.76
0.92
38
0.61
0.79
0.96
0.60
0.76
0.92
Note: A represents atrial contraction in late diastole; E represents passive ventricular filling in early diastole.
TABLE F-2
Peak or Maximum Velocity of the Aorta and Main Pulmonary Artery
From DeVore GR: Pulsed Doppler examination of the fetal heart. In Goldberg BB, McGahan JP (eds): Atlas of Ultrasound Measurements, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Mosby/Elsevier, 2006.
Gestation (wk)
AORTA PEAK VELOCITY (cm/sec)
PULMONARY ARTERY PEAK VELOCITY (cm/sec)
2.5th Percentile
50th Percentile
97.5th Percentile
2.5th Percentile
50th Percentile
97.5th Percentile
20
29
62
95
23
53
80
21
30
63
96
24
54
81
22
32
65
98
25
56
82
23
33
66
99
27
57
84
24
34
67
100
28
58
85
25
36
68
101
29
59
86
26
37
70
103
30
61
87
27
38
71
104
31
62
89
28
40
72
105
32
63
90
29
41
74
107
34
64
91
30
42
75
108
35
65
92
31
44
76
109
36
67
93
32
45
77
110
37
68
95
33
46
79
112
38
69
96
34
48
80
113
39
70
97
35
49
81
114
41
72
98
36
50
82
115
42
73
100
37
52
84
117
43
74
101
38
53
85
118
44
78
102
TABLE F-3
Longitudinal Reference Ranges for Peak Systolic Velocity in the Ductus Venosus Based on 547 Observations in 160 Low-Risk Pregnancies
From Kessler J, Rasmussen S, Hanson M, et al: Longitudinal reference ranges for ductus venosus flow velocities and waveform indices. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 28:890, 2006.
Gestational Age (wk)
PEAK SYSTOLIC VELOCITY IN DUCTUS VENOSUS (cm/sec) BY PERCENTILE
2.5th
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
97.5th
21
46.2
48.0
50.2
54.3
59.3
65.1
70.9
74.8
78.5
22
48.3
50.1
52.4
56.6
61.8
67.6
73.7
77.7
81.4
23
50.1
52.0
54.3
58.6
63.9
69.9
76.1
80.1
83.9
24
51.6
53.5
55.9
60.3
65.7
71.9
78.2
82.3
86.2
25
52.8
54.8
57.2
61.7
67.2
73.5
79.9
84.2
88.1
26
53.8
55.8
58.3
62.8
68.5
74.9
81.4
85.7
89.7
27
54.5
56.6
59.1
63.8
69.5
76.0
82.7
87.1
91.1
28
55.1
57.2
59.7
64.4
70.3
76.9
83.7
88.1
92.3
29
55.4
57.6
60.2
64.9
70.8
77.6
84.5
89.0
93.2
30
55.6
57.7
60.4
65.2
71.2
78.0
85.0
89.7
94.0
31
55.6
57.8
60.5
65.3
71.4
78.3
85.4
90.1
94.5
32
55.5
57.7
60.4
65.3
71.4
78.5
85.7
90.4
94.9
33
55.3
57.5
60.2
65.2
71.4
78.5
85.8
90.6
95.1
34
55.0
57.2
59.9
64.9
71.2
78.3
85.7
90.6
95.2
35
54.6
56.8
59.5
64.5
70.8
78.1
85.5
90.5
95.1
36
54.1
56.3
59.1
64.1
70.4
77.7
85.2
90.3
94.9
37
53.6
55.8
58.6
63.6
70.0
77.3
84.9
89.9
94.7
38
53.0
55.2
58.0
63.0
69.4
76.8
84.4
89.5
94.3
39
52.4
54.6
57.4
62.4
68.8
76.2
83.9
89.0
93.8
TABLE F-4
Longitudinal Reference Ranges for End-Diastolic Velocity in the Ductus Venosus Based on 547 Observations in 160 Low-Risk Pregnancies
From Kessler J, Rasmussen S, Hanson M, et al: Longitudinal reference ranges for ductus venosus flow velocities and waveform indices. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 28:890, 2006.
Gestational Age (wk)
END-DIASTOLIC VELOCITY IN DUCTUS VENOSUS (cm/sec) BY PERCENTILE
2.5th
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
97.5th
21
15.8
18.1
20.8
25.5
31.0
36.7
42.0
45.3
48.1
22
17.1
19.4
22.2
27.0
32.5
38.3
43.6
46.9
49.8
23
18.3
20.6
23.4
28.3
33.9
39.7
45.1
48.4
51.2
24
19.3
21.7
24.5
29.4
35.1
40.9
46.3
49.6
52.5
25
20.3
22.7
25.5
30.5
36.1
42.0
47.5
50.8
53.7
26
21.1
23.5
26.4
31.4
37.1
43.0
48.4
51.8
54.7
27
21.8
24.3
27.2
32.1
37.9
43.8
49.3
52.7
55.6
28
22.5
24.9
27.8
32.8
38.6
44.6
50.1
53.4
56.4
29
23.0
25.5
28.4
33.5
39.3
45.2
50.8
54.1
57.1
30
23.5
26.0
29.0
34.0
39.8
45.8
51.4
54.7
57.7
31
24.0
26.5
29.4
34.5
40.3
46.3
51.9
55.3
58.2
32
24.4
26.9
29.8
34.9
40.8
46.8
52.3
55.7
58.7
33
24.7
27.2
30.2
35.3
41.1
47.2
52.7
56.1
59.1
34
25.0
27.5
30.5
35.6
41.5
47.5
53.1
56.5
59.5
35
25.3
27.8
30.8
35.9
41.7
47.8
53.4
56.8
59.8
36
25.5
28.0
31.0
36.1
42.0
48.0
53.6
57.1
60.1
37
25.7
28.2
31.2
36.3
42.2
48.3
53.9
57.3
60.3
38
25.8
28.4
31.3
36.5
42.4
48.4
54.0
57.5
60.5
39
25.9
28.5
31.5
36.6
42.5
48.6
54.2
57.6
60.6
TABLE F-5
Normal Echocardiographic Values for Fetal Cardiovascular Structures
Courtesy Steven D. Colan, MD, Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital.
Gestational Age (wk)
TRICUSPID ANNULUS RIGHT-LEFT DIAMETER (cm)
2.5%
50.0%
97.5%
16
0.242
0.312
0.381
17
0.274
0.355
0.436
18
0.306
0.398
0.491
19
0.338
0.442
0.546
20
0.369
0.485
0.601
21
0.401
0.528
0.655
22
0.433
0.572
0.710
23
0.465
0.615
0.765
24
0.496
0.658
0.820
25
0.528
0.702
0.875
26
0.560
0.745
0.930
27
0.592
0.788
0.985
28
0.623
0.832
1.040
29
0.655
0.875
1.095
30
0.687
0.918
1.150
31
0.719
0.962
1.205
32
0.751
1.005
1.260
33
0.782
1.048
1.315
34
0.814
1.092
1.369
35
0.846
1.135
1.424
36
0.878
1.178
1.479
37
0.909
1.222
1.534
38
0.941
1.265
1.589
39
0.973
1.308
1.644
40
1.005
1.352
1.699
Mean = 0.04334 * GA − 0.38183
SD = −0.05801 + 0.00579 * GA
Gestational Age (wk)
MITRAL ANNULUS RIGHT-LEFT DIAMETER (cm)
2.5%
50.0%
97.5%
16
0.242
0.347
0.452
17
0.272
0.382
0.491
18
0.303
0.416
0.530
19
0.333
0.451
0.570
20
0.363
0.486
0.609
21
0.394
0.521
0.648
22
0.424
0.556
0.687
23
0.454
0.591
0.727
24
0.485
0.625
0.766
25
0.515
0.660
0.805
26
0.546
0.695
0.844
27
0.576
0.730
0.884
28
0.606
0.765
0.923
29
0.637
0.799
0.962
30
0.667
0.834
1.001
31
0.697
0.869
1.041
32
0.728
0.904
1.080
33
0.758
0.939
1.119
34
0.789
0.974
1.158
35
0.819
1.008
1.198
36
0.849
1.043
1.237
37
0.880
1.078
1.276
38
0.910
1.113
1.315
39
0.941
1.148
1.355
40
0.971
1.182
1.394
Mean = 0.03482 * GA − 0.21035
SD = 0.01698 + 0.00222 * GA
Gestational Age (wk)
PULMONARY ANNULUS DIAMETER (cm)
2.5%
50.0%
97.5%
16
0.190
0.251
0.313
17
0.214
0.282
0.350
18
0.239
0.313
0.387
19
0.263
0.343
0.424
20
0.287
0.374
0.461
21
0.312
0.405
0.498
22
0.336
0.436
0.535
23
0.360
0.466
0.572
24
0.385
0.497
0.609
25
0.409
0.528
0.647
26
0.434
0.559
0.684
27
0.458
0.589
0.721
28
0.482
0.620
0.758
29
0.507
0.651
0.795
30
0.531
0.682
0.832
31
0.556
0.712
0.869
32
0.580
0.743
0.906
33
0.604
0.774
0.943
34
0.629
0.805
0.980
35
0.653
0.835
1.018
36
0.677
0.866
1.055
37
0.702
0.897
1.092
38
0.726
0.927
1.129
39
0.751
0.958
1.166
40
0.775
0.989
1.203
Mean = 0.03074 * GA − 0.24064
SD = −0.02018 + 0.00318 * GA
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